ブルー水素の生産と市場 2026-2036年：技術動向、予測、主要企業

Blue Hydrogen Production and Markets 2026-2036: Technologies, Forecasts, Players

水蒸気改質法（SMR）、自己熱式改質法（ATR）、部分酸化法（POX）、メタン熱分解法（ターコイズ水素）、バイオマスおよび新規プロセス。市場展望、10年間の市場予測、主要プレイヤー、技術評価およびベンチマ... もっと見る

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IDTechEx
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出版年月

2026年2月12日

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US$7,500
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英語

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水蒸気改質法（SMR）、自己熱式改質法（ATR）、部分酸化法（POX）、メタン熱分解法（ターコイズ水素）、バイオマスおよび新規プロセス。市場展望、10年間の市場予測、主要プレイヤー、技術評価およびベンチマーキング。

ブルー水素は、世界の脱炭素化イニシアチブに牽引され、今後10年間で主要な低炭素水素製造経路として拡大が見込まれる。IDTechExは、世界のブルー水素市場が2036年までに年平均成長率（CAGR）22％で520億米ドルに達すると予測している。

IDTechExの報告書「ブルー水素 2026-2036：市場、技術、課題と機会、予測、主要企業」は、主要なブルー水素製造技術、主要企業とプロジェクト、サプライチェーン、材料、主要グローバル市場における規制動向を包括的に評価する。主要なブルー水素技術比較と10年間の市場予測を、6つの技術、7つの応用分野、3つの導入地域別にセグメント化して掲載。適用可能な炭素回収・利用・貯蔵（CCUS）技術も検証し、ブルー水素市場の推進要因、機会、展望について論じる。

脱炭素化推進における低炭素水素の重要な役割

低炭素水素は気候変動への重要な解決策として台頭している。水素の最大の可能性は、鉄鋼・化学製造・長距離輸送など脱炭素化が困難な分野の脱炭素化にある。従来型水素とは異なり、低炭素水素は製造工程の排出を最小限に抑えるため、地球規模の気候目標達成に不可欠である。しかし、現在の水素供給総量のうち低炭素水素が占める割合は1%未満である。したがって、水素経済への移行には低炭素水素の生産拡大が不可欠であり、ブルー水素はこの移行における重要なステップとなる。

ブルー水素とターコイズ水素とは何か？

ブルー水素とは、CCUS技術と統合された従来のプロセスを用いて化石燃料から製造される水素を指す。大気中に直接CO2を排出するグレー水素（またはブラック水素）と呼ばれる従来の製造プロセスとは異なり、ブルー水素はCO2の大部分を回収して貯蔵または産業利用に回すことで、カーボンフットプリントを大幅に削減する。本IDTechExレポートでは水素のカラー分類と各種水素技術を詳述する。

ブルー水素プロセスでは、CO2貯留は通常、捕集したガスを塩水帯水層や枯渇油田などの恒久的な地質構造に注入することで達成される。CO2利用の選択肢には、増進採油や工業製品製造が含まれる。炭素回収技術は、既存施設への後付け設置、または新規プラント設計段階での統合が可能である。本レポートでは、主要なCCUS技術とブルー水素生産への応用について詳細に論じている。

ターコイズ水素は、メタン熱分解によって生産される別の低炭素水素タイプである。ブルー水素とは異なり、CO2回収は不要であり、生成される固体炭素副産物は様々な産業用途に使用できる。厳密にはブルー水素に分類されないものの、天然ガスを原料とし、同様の用途に適した低炭素水素を生産するため、IDTechExは本レポートでターコイズ水素を扱っている。

水素の色のスペクトル。出典：IDTechEx

グリーン水素の未来への架け橋としてのブルー水素

ブルー水素は、現在のグレー水素生産と長期目標であるグリーン水素とのギャップを埋める過渡的解決策である。電解槽を用いて水を原料とし排出量を最小限に抑えて生産されるグリーン水素は完全脱炭素化に理想的だが、現状では単独での依存は現実的ではない。これは電解槽コストの高止まりと、データセンターなどのエネルギー集約型セクターを中心に高まる再生可能電力需要によるものである。その結果、ブルー水素は低炭素水素経済への段階的移行を可能にする中間的解決策と見なされている。IDTechExによる本レポートは、ブルー水素の戦略的役割を強調し、異なる水素製造プロセスにおけるコスト比較と市場導入動向を提供する。

各国におけるブルー水素戦略と規制動向の追跡

世界60以上の政府が、エネルギー転換計画に水素を含む戦略を発表している。米国、カナダ、オランダなどの主要地域では、低炭素水素開発を支援する異なる仕組みを導入している。本報告書は主要国の水素目標と戦略の概要を提供する。

しかし、全ての取り組みが計画通りに進んでいるわけではない。最近の規制変更により、水素市場全体の発展が鈍化している。多くの大規模水素プロジェクトが遅延または中止された結果、市場は当初予想されたほど急速に拡大していない。本レポートでは、主要地域における最新の市場動向と規制動向を分析し、ブルー水素の展望を提示する。

本報告書で取り上げる製造技術の概要

ブルー水素の製造経路は、確立された従来技術から新興プロセスまで多岐にわたる。本報告書では、水蒸気改質法（SMR）、自己熱式改質法（ATR）、部分酸化法（POX）、石炭ガス化法（CG）などの従来プロセスを網羅する。一方、メタン熱分解は固体炭素を副産物として水素を製造する新興技術である。本報告書で論じるその他の製造プロセスには、バイオマスベースのプロセスや新規ブルー水素技術が含まれる。これらは現時点では市場シェアが小さいものの、今後数年間でより多くの関心が集まる可能性がある。

IDTechExは、主要な動作原理、革新技術、材料、主要企業、主要プロジェクトを含む、これら全ての技術に関する詳細な分析を提供しています。これらの技術は、主にケーススタディを用いて紹介されています。専用のセクションでは、定性評価と、水素の均等化コスト（LCOH）、コスト内訳、技術成熟度レベル（TRL）などの定量的性能指標の両方を用いて、これらのプロセスを比較しています。これらの比較は、IDTechExがブルー水素市場で最も有望な技術に関する洞察を得るための情報源となっています。

本レポートでIDTechExが取り上げるブルー水素製造技術

ブルー水素製造の技術・市場動向

IDTechExは、世界のブルー水素市場が2036年までに年平均成長率（CAGR）22%で520億米ドルに達すると予測しています。IDTechExの分析によれば、生産能力の拡大の大部分は北米と欧州で発生する見込みです。精製やアンモニア生産といった市場の主要用途は、今後も成長を続けると予想されます。複数のブルー水素最終用途を統合する産業クラスターが、急速な拡大を牽引すると予測されています。

本レポートの主なポイント：

水素用途の概要、ブルー水素市場における機会と課題
主要グローバル市場における国家水素戦略と規制動向
ブルー水素生産技術、材料、主要プレイヤー、サプライチェーン、プロジェクトの分析
メタン熱分解（ターコイズ水素）および新規ブルー水素製造技術
CCUSの概要とブルー水素生産向け関連技術
LCOH、コスト内訳、CO2排出強度などの指標に基づく技術比較
市場分析と予測

主要な側面

本レポートは以下の情報を提供します：

水素市場の背景：

水素の概要（水素の色分類（グリーン、ブルー、グレー）、グリーン水素生産に関連する課題、グローバル水素経済におけるブルー水素の戦略的役割を含む）
各種水素製造プロセスにおけるコスト比較と市場導入動向
産業・輸送・エネルギー貯蔵分野における現行および新興の水素応用技術の概要
カーボンプライシングメカニズムとブルー水素市場成長への影響
ブルー水素の開発・導入を形作る主要な規制・商業・技術的推進要因
主要グローバル経済圏における国家水素戦略・政策の分析
主要水素地域における主要水素市場、規制枠組み、主要ブルー水素プロジェクト動向の評価

バリューチェーン全体におけるブルー水素生産技術、材料、主要プレイヤー、プロジェクトに関する洞察：

蒸気メタノール改質（SMR）、自己熱式改質（ATR）、部分酸化（POX）、石炭ガス化（CG）、メタン熱分解（ターコイズ水素）、バイオマス由来水素製造、新規ブルー水素技術を含む従来型経路におけるブルー水素製造技術、主要プレイヤー、商業プロジェクト動向の包括的分析
ブルー水素における最先端イノベーション：新興プロセスと次世代生産技術を網羅
バリューチェーン全体における主要ブルー水素プレイヤーの詳細なケーススタディとベンチマーキング（技術開発企業、設備供給業者、CCUSプロバイダー、ブルー水素最終利用セクターを含む）
定性分析と定量的性能指標（水素均等化コスト（LCOH）、コスト内訳、炭素排出強度（カーボンフットプリント）、技術成熟度レベル（TRL）、CO2回収率など）を用いたブルー水素生産技術の比較評価
ブルー水素生産に使用される主要材料・設備（反応器、改質器、触媒、吸着剤、膜、容器材料、副産物材料）の概要と主要サプライヤーのプロファイル
ブルー水素向け炭素回収・利用・貯蔵（CCUS）に関する考察：CCUSバリューチェーンの概要、ポイントソース炭素回収技術、ブルー水素分野における炭素回収技術・サプライヤー・プロジェクトの詳細分析

市場予測と分析：

6大生産技術（SMR、ATR、メタン熱分解/ターコイズ水素を含む）、7大応用分野（精製、アンモニア・メタノールを含む）、3大導入地域（米州、EMEA、APAC）別に分類した、年間100万トン単位（Mtpa）での10年間水素生産能力予測
10年間のブルー水素市場予測（10億米ドル単位）、6大生産技術、7大応用分野、3地域別導入状況別に分類
6つの主要生産技術における10年間の炭素回収能力予測（年間百万トン単位）
今後10年間の平均ブルー水素コスト予測
水素市場の主要展望、動向、および機会

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Summary

Steam-methane reforming (SMR), autothermal reforming (ATR), partial oxidation (POX), methane pyrolysis (turquoise hydrogen), biomass and novel processes. Market outlook, 10-year market forecasts, key players, technology appraisals and benchmarking.

Blue hydrogen is expected to expand over the next decade as a key low-carbon hydrogen production pathway, driven by global decarbonization initiatives. IDTechEx forecasts that the global blue hydrogen market will reach US$52 billion by 2036 at a CAGR of 22%.

This report "Blue Hydrogen 2026-2036: Markets, Technologies, Challenges & Opportunities, Forecasts, and Players" from IDTechEx provides a comprehensive assessment of key blue hydrogen production technologies, leading players and projects, supply chains, materials, and regulatory developments in major global markets. It includes a comparison of main blue hydrogen technologies with 10-year market forecasts, segmented by 6 technologies, 7 application areas, and 3 regions of adoption. The report also examines applicable carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies and discusses the drivers, opportunities, and outlook of the blue hydrogen market.

The crucial role of low-carbon hydrogen in driving decarbonization

Low-carbon hydrogen is emerging as a critical solution to climate change. Hydrogen's greatest potential lies in decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors such as iron and steel, chemical manufacturing, and long-haul transport. Unlike conventional hydrogen, low-carbon hydrogen minimizes production process emissions, making it essential for achieving global climate targets. However, less than 1% of the current total hydrogen supply is low carbon. Transitioning to a hydrogen economy will therefore require scaling up low-carbon hydrogen production, with blue hydrogen serving as a crucial step in this transition.

What is blue hydrogen and turquoise hydrogen?

Blue hydrogen refers to hydrogen produced from fossil fuels using conventional processes integrated with CCUS technologies. Unlike conventional hydrogen production, often termed grey or black hydrogen, which releases the CO2 emissions directly into the atmosphere, blue hydrogen captures most of the CO2 for storage or industrial uses, significantly reducing its carbon footprint. This IDTechEx report details hydrogen color classification and different hydrogen technologies.

In blue hydrogen processes, CO2 storage is typically achieved by injecting captured gas into permanent geological formations, such as saline aquifers or depleted oil fields. CO2 utilization options include enhanced oil recovery and industrial product manufacturing. Carbon capture technologies can be either retrofitted onto existing facilities or integrated into new plants by design. The report provides a detailed discussion of key CCUS technologies and their application to blue hydrogen production.

Turquoise hydrogen is another low-carbon hydrogen type produced through methane pyrolysis. Unlike blue hydrogen, no CO2 capture is required, and the resulting solid carbon by-product can be used in a variety of industrial applications. While not strictly classified as blue hydrogen, IDTechEx covers turquoise hydrogen in this report because it uses natural gas as feedstock and produces low-carbon hydrogen suitable for similar applications.

The spectrum of hydrogen colors. Source: IDTechEx.

Blue hydrogen as a bridge to green hydrogen future

Blue hydrogen is a transitional solution bridging the gap between current grey hydrogen production and the long-term goal of green hydrogen. While green hydrogen, produced from water using electrolyzers with minimal emissions, is ideal for full decarbonization, relying on it alone is not currently feasible. This is due to the persistently high electrolyzer costs and the growing demand for renewable electricity, primarily driven by energy-intensive sectors such as data centers. As a result, blue hydrogen is considered the intermediate solution, enabling gradual transition to a low-carbon hydrogen economy. This report by IDTechEx highlights the strategic role of blue hydrogen and provides cost comparisons and market adoption trends across different hydrogen production pathways.

Tracking national blue hydrogen strategy and regulatory developments

Over 60 governments worldwide have released strategies that include hydrogen in their energy transition plans. Leading regions include the United States, Canada, and the Netherlands, each implementing different mechanisms to support low-carbon hydrogen development. This report provides a summary of key national hydrogen targets and strategies.

However, not all initiatives are progressing as planned. Recent regulatory changes have slowed the development of the general hydrogen market. Many large-scale hydrogen projects have been delayed or canceled. As a result, the market is not expanding as rapidly as initially anticipated. In this report, IDTechEx highlights the latest market and regulatory developments in key regions, providing an outlook for blue hydrogen.

Overview of the production technologies covered in the report

There are various blue hydrogen production pathways, ranging from established conventional technologies to emerging processes. The report covers conventional processes, including steam methane reforming (SMR), autothermal reforming (ATR), partial oxidation (POX), and coal gasification (CG). On the other hand, methane pyrolysis is an emerging technology that produces hydrogen with solid carbon as a by-product. Other production processes discussed in the report include biomass-based processes and novel blue hydrogen technologies. While these currently represent a small market share, they may attract more interest in the coming years.

IDTechEx provides a detailed analysis of all these technologies, including key operating principles, innovations, materials, players, and major projects. These technologies are mostly highlighted with case studies. A dedicated section compares these processes using both qualitative assessments and quantitative performance metrics such as levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH), cost breakdown, and technology readiness level (TRL). These comparisons inform IDTechEx's insights into the most promising technologies in the blue hydrogen market.

Blue hydrogen production technologies covered by IDTechEx in this report.

Technology and market trends in blue hydrogen production

IDTechEx forecasts the global blue hydrogen market will reach US$52 billion by 2036 at a CAGR of 22%. IDTechEx's analysis shows that most of the capacity growth will come from North America and Europe. The dominant applications in the market, such as refining and ammonia production, are expected to continue growing. Industrial clusters that integrate multiple blue hydrogen end uses are projected to drive rapid expansion.

Key takeaways from this report:

Overview of hydrogen applications, opportunities and challenges in the blue hydrogen market
National hydrogen strategy and regulatory developments in major global markets
Analysis of blue hydrogen production technologies, materials, key players, supply chains, and projects
Methane pyrolysis (turquoise hydrogen) and novel blue hydrogen production technologies
CCUS overview and related technologies for blue hydrogen production
Technology comparisons based on metrics such as LCOH, cost breakdown, and CO2 emission intensity
Market analysis and forecasts

Key Aspects

This report provides the following information:

Hydrogen market background:

Introduction to hydrogen, including hydrogen color classifications (green, blue, grey), challenges associated with green hydrogen production, and the strategic role of blue hydrogen in the global hydrogen economy
Cost comparison and market adoption trends across different hydrogen production pathways
Overview of current and emerging hydrogen applications across industry, transport, and energy storage
Carbon pricing mechanisms and their impact on the growth of the blue hydrogen market
Key regulatory, commercial, and technological drivers shaping blue hydrogen development and deployment
Analysis of national hydrogen strategies and policies across major global economies
Assessment of key hydrogen markets, regulatory frameworks, and major blue hydrogen project developments across leading hydrogen regions

Insights into blue hydrogen production technologies, materials, key players, and projects across the value chain:

Comprehensive analysis of blue hydrogen production technologies, key players, and commercial project developments across conventional pathways, including steam methane reforming (SMR), autothermal reforming (ATR), partial oxidation (POX), coal gasification (CG), methane pyrolysis (turquoise hydrogen), biomass-based hydrogen production, and novel blue hydrogen technologies
State-of-the-art innovations in blue hydrogen, covering emerging processes and next-generation production technologies
Detailed case studies and benchmarking of key blue hydrogen players across the value chain, including technology developers, equipment suppliers, CCUS providers, and blue hydrogen end-use sectors
Comparative assessment of blue hydrogen production technologies using both qualitative analysis and quantitative performance metrics such as levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH), cost breakdown, carbon emission intensity (also referred to as carbon footprint), technology readiness level (TRL), CO2 capture rates, and more
Overview of key materials and equipment used in blue hydrogen production, including reactors, reformers, catalysts, sorbents, membranes, vessel materials, and by-product materials, along with profiles of leading suppliers
Discussion of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) for blue hydrogen, including an overview of CCUS value chains, point-source carbon capture technologies, and a detailed analysis of carbon capture technologies, suppliers, and projects in blue hydrogen

Market forecasts & analysis:

10-year hydrogen capacity forecasts in million tonnes per annum (Mtpa), segmented by 6 major production technologies (including SMR, ATR & methane pyrolysis/turquoise hydrogen), 7 major application areas (including refining, ammonia & methanol), and 3 regions of adoption (Americas, EMEA, APAC)
10-year blue hydrogen market forecast in US$ billion, segmented by 6 major production technologies, 7 major application areas, and 3 regions of adoption
10-year carbon capture capacity forecasts in million tonnes per annum (Mtpa) for the 6 major production technologies
Forecast of average blue hydrogen cost over the next decade
Key hydrogen market outlook, trends, and opportunities

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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1. Low-carbon hydrogen is a key solution to climate change, with both production and demand expected to grow steadily

1.2. Current state of hydrogen production

1.3. Hydrogen colors are categorized based on the production technology used

1.4. Relying solely on green hydrogen is not currently viable and faces multiple challenges

1.5. Blue hydrogen as a transition solution between grey and green hydrogen

1.6. Turquoise hydrogen from methane pyrolysis as another low-carbon hydrogen type

1.7. Cost comparison and adoption of different types of hydrogen

1.8. Global leading regions in blue hydrogen development

1.9. Methane pyrolysis as an emerging market with strong SME presence

1.10. Growth outlook and key drivers for blue hydrogen

1.11. Summary of national hydrogen targets: Many countries have ambitious strategies in place

1.12. Regional overview of blue hydrogen: US leading, EU and UK following

1.13. Business model for blue hydrogen supply chains around industrial hubs for multiple end-uses

1.14. Hydrogen's versatile applications across both current and emerging uses

1.15. Overview of blue hydrogen production technologies covered

1.16. Pros & cons of production technologies (1/3)

1.17. Pros & cons of production technologies (2/3)

1.18. Pros & cons of production technologies (3/3)

1.19. Main types of methane pyrolysis reactors

1.20. Novel processes for blue hydrogen production: CLC and eSMR have the highest potentials

1.21. Key innovations in novel blue hydrogen technologies

1.22. Levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) comparison

1.23. Cost breakdown comparison

1.24. Key regional drivers of hydrogen production cost

1.25. CO2 emission intensity comparison

1.26. Hydrogen production processes by TRL

1.27. Hydrogen production processes by stage of development

1.28. Leading blue hydrogen companies

1.29. SMR + CCUS value chain

1.30. POX + CCUS value chain

1.31. ATR + CCUS value chain

1.32. Key companies in methane pyrolysis by project scale and technology

1.33. Turquoise hydrogen production capacity and operational year by company

1.34. CCUS development supports blue hydrogen growth

1.35. What is Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)?

1.36. Two main approaches to blue hydrogen carbon capture: Pre- vs post-combustion

1.37. Capturing CO2 from ATR & POX is easier

1.38. Carbon dioxide storage-type maturity and operator landscape

1.39. Which carbon capture technologies are most mature?

1.40. Point-source carbon capture technology providers

1.41. 10-year global blue hydrogen production capacity forecast at different scenarios (Mtpa)

1.42. Blue hydrogen project pipeline: Blue hydrogen remains an emerging field

1.43. SMR+CCUS dominates 2026, but ATR+CCUS is forecasted to lead within the next decade

1.44. Industrial clusters are forecasted to drive the rapid growth in blue hydrogen

1.45. US forecasted to continue leading the blue hydrogen market, followed by Europe and UK

1.46. Company profiles

1.47. Access more with an IDTechEx subscription

2. INTRODUCTION

2.1. Introduction to the hydrogen economy and blue hydrogen

2.1.1. The need for unprecedented emission reductions

2.1.2. Hydrogen as a clean energy carrier is gaining momentum

2.1.3. Decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors and hydrogen economy

2.1.4. Current hydrogen production & demand

2.1.5. Hydrogen value chain consists processes from production, storage, distribution, and end-use

2.1.6. Hydrogen colors are categorized based on the production technology used (1/3)

2.1.7. Hydrogen colors are categorized based on the production technology used (2/3)

2.1.8. Hydrogen colors are categorized based on the production technology used (3/3)

2.1.9. Classify hydrogen production based on conversion methods

2.1.10. Challenges in green hydrogen production

2.1.11. Blue hydrogen's important role in decarbonization

2.1.12. Cost comparison and adoption of different types of hydrogen

2.1.13. Turquoise hydrogen from methane pyrolysis

2.1.14. Scope and focus of this report

2.2. Regulatory drivers for blue hydrogen development

2.2.1. Major drivers for hydrogen production & adoption

2.2.2. Global leading regions in blue hydrogen development

2.2.3. Carbon pricing and its role in blue hydrogen market

2.2.4. Two main approaches to carbon pricing

2.2.5. The role of Contracts for Difference (CfD) in blue hydrogen market

2.2.6. Summary of national hydrogen targets

2.2.7. US: Hydrogen strategy

2.2.8. US: Funding and financial incentives

2.2.9. US: Hydrogen policy IRA vs OBBBA

2.2.10. US: The impact of 45V and 45Q tax credits on the cost of hydrogen

2.2.11. US: Other political signals put US hydrogen industry at risks

2.2.12. US: H2 projects face delays and cancellations under the current administration

2.2.13. UK: Hydrogen strategy

2.2.14. UK: Blue hydrogen and CCUS cluster

2.2.15. UK: CCUS clusters - East Coast Cluster

2.2.16. UK: Progress of ECC's blue hydrogen projects

2.2.17. UK: CCUS clusters - HyNet North West Cluster

2.2.18. UK: Progress of HyNet's blue hydrogen projects

2.2.19. China: Hydrogen strategy

2.2.20. China: Low prioritization in blue hydrogen

2.2.21. Canada: Hydrogen strategy

2.2.22. Canada: International partners and blue hydrogen projects

2.2.23. The Netherlands: Hydrogen strategy

2.2.24. The Netherlands: Blue hydrogen initiative by Rotterdam H-vision

2.2.25. Japan: Hydrogen strategy

2.3. Commercial drivers for blue hydrogen development

2.3.1. Commercial drivers for blue hydrogen

2.3.2. Potential business model for blue hydrogen projects

2.3.3. Blue hydrogen supply chain

2.4. Technological drivers for blue hydrogen development

2.4.1. Current & emerging applications for hydrogen

2.4.2. Current applications for hydrogen

2.4.3. Role of hydrogen in synthetic fuel & chemical production

2.4.4. Use of hydrogen in steel production

2.4.5. Emerging applications for hydrogen

2.4.6. Example of a key emerging application - FCEVs

2.4.7. FCEVs operating modes

2.4.8. Hydrogen gas blending in natural gas networks

2.4.9. Summary of major drivers for blue hydrogen development

2.5. Key challenges and opportunities for blue hydrogen

2.5.1. Regulatory and social challenges & opportunities for blue hydrogen

2.5.2. Economic challenges & opportunities for blue hydrogen

2.5.3. Technological challenges & opportunities for blue hydrogen

2.5.4. Environmental challenges & opportunities for blue hydrogen

3. BLUE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

3.1. Overview of blue hydrogen technologies

3.1.1. Overview of blue hydrogen production technologies covered

3.1.2. Key considerations in designing blue hydrogen processes

3.1.3. Blue hydrogen technologies overview

3.1.4. Pre- vs post-combustion CO2 capture for blue hydrogen

3.1.5. Blue hydrogen production value chain

3.2. Common features of blue hydrogen processes

3.2.1. Natural gas pre-treatment: Desulfurization

3.2.2. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS)

3.2.3. Natural gas pre-treatment: Pre-reforming

3.2.4. Gas heated reformer (GHR): Novel pre-reformer

3.2.5. Water-gas shift (WGS) & sour shift reactors

3.2.6. Catalysts for auxiliary processes of hydrogen production

3.2.7. Key catalyst suppliers for HDS

3.2.8. Key catalyst suppliers for auxiliary processes of hydrogen production

3.2.9. Hydrogen purification technologies and industrial applications

3.2.10. Hydrogen purity requirements across industrial applications

3.2.11. Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) (1/2)

3.2.12. Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) (2/2)

3.2.13. PSA & sorbents for hydrogen purification

3.2.14. Key sorbents suppliers for hydrogen purification

3.2.15. Hydrogen cryogenic separation

3.2.16. Hydrogen separation membrane

3.2.17. Pre-combustion carbon capture is the most viable membrane-based option for blue hydrogen

3.2.18. Honeywell UOP: Membranes in CO2 fractionation for blue hydrogen

3.2.19. Air Liquide hybrid technology for CCUS: Blue hydrogen

3.2.20. Key membrane players targeting emerging hydrogen applications

3.2.21. Air separation units & oxygen separators (1/2)

3.2.22. Air separation units & oxygen separators (2/2)

3.2.23. Auxiliary equipment

3.3. Steam-methane reforming (SMR)

3.3.1. Steam-methane reforming (SMR)

3.3.2. SMR process flow diagram (PFD)

3.3.3. CO2 capture options for SMR

3.3.4. CO2 capture retrofit options: Honeywell UOP example

3.3.5. SMR reformer unit

3.3.6. Advanced steam reformer catalysts

3.3.7. SMR reformer tubes and tube alloys

3.3.8. Players in vessel materials (1/2)

3.3.9. Players in vessel materials (2/2)

3.3.10. Alternative reformer designs: Bayonet reformer

3.3.11. Alternative reformer designs: Convection reformers

3.3.12. Case study of SMR + CCUS retrofit: Shell's Quest project in Canada

3.3.13. SMR + CCUS value chain

3.3.14. SMR + CCUS players around the world

3.3.15. SMR SWOT Analysis

3.3.16. SMR summary & key takeaways

3.4. Partial oxidation (POX)

3.4.1. Partial oxidation (POX)

3.4.2. POX process flow diagram (PFD)

3.4.3. CO2 capture options for POX

3.4.4. POX reactor

3.4.5. Catalytic POX (CPOX)

3.4.6. Shell's blue hydrogen process & Pernis refinery

3.4.7. POX + CCUS value chain

3.4.8. POX + CCUS activities around the world

3.4.9. POX SWOT Analysis

3.4.10. POX summary & key takeaways

3.5. 3.5 Autothermal reforming (ATR)

3.5.1. Autothermal reforming (ATR)

3.5.2. ATR comparison to SMR & POX

3.5.3. ATR process flow diagram (PFD)

3.5.4. CO2 capture options for ATR

3.5.5. Autothermal reformer: Topsoe case study

3.5.6. Autothermal reformer materials: Topsoe case study

3.5.7. ATR catalysts: Topsoe case study

3.5.8. Current uses of ATR: Topsoe case study

3.5.9. Other players in ATR + CCUS

3.5.10. Air Products' ATR + CCS plant in Alberta, Canada

3.5.11. Key ATR + CCUS projects

3.5.12. ATR + CCUS recent industry updates

3.5.13. ATR + CCUS value chain

3.5.14. ATR + CCUS players around the world

3.5.15. ATR SWOT Analysis

3.5.16. ATR summary & key takeaways

3.6. Coal gasification (CG)

3.6.1. Coal gasification (CG) process

3.6.2. Underground coal gasification (UCG)

3.6.3. Four main types of coal

3.6.4. CG process flow diagram (PFD)

3.6.5. CO2 capture options for CG

3.6.6. CG process gasifiers

3.6.7. Updraft & downdraft coal gasifiers

3.6.8. Fluidized bed coal gasifiers

3.6.9. Entrained flow coal gasifiers

3.6.10. Coal gasifier performance comparison

3.6.11. Coal gasifiers pros & cons comparison

3.6.12. Commercial coal gasifier technology examples (1/2)

3.6.13. Commercial coal gasifier technology examples (2/2)

3.6.14. Coal gasification by-product: Ash, slag, and char utilization

3.6.15. Blue hydrogen projects using CG

3.6.16. HESC Coal Gasification Project (Australia and Japan collaboration)

3.6.17. CG + CCUS players around the world

3.6.18. China leads in coal gasification and accelerates CCUS deployment

3.6.19. CG SWOT Analysis

3.6.20. CG summary & key takeaways

3.7. Methane pyrolysis (turquoise hydrogen)

3.7.1. Methane pyrolysis: Turquoise hydrogen

3.7.2. Methane pyrolysis block flow diagram

3.7.3. Main types of methane pyrolysis reactors

3.7.4. Methane pyrolysis as an emerging market with strong SME presence

3.7.5. Key companies in methane pyrolysis by project scale and technology

3.7.6. Methane pyrolysis activities around the world

3.7.7. Turquoise hydrogen production capacity and operational year by company

3.7.8. Thermal pyrolysis & Case study of Modern Hydrogen

3.7.9. Key thermal pyrolysis players

3.7.10. Molten media pyrolysis & Case study of Graphitic Energy and VulcanX

3.7.11. Key molten media pyrolysis players

3.7.12. Catalytic pyrolysis & Case study of Hazer Group (1/2)

3.7.13. Catalytic pyrolysis & Case study of Hazer Group (2/2)

3.7.14. Key catalytic pyrolysis players

3.7.15. Plasma (thermal) pyrolysis & Case study of Monolith

3.7.16. Plasma (non-thermal) pyrolysis & Case study of Levidian (1)

3.7.17. Plasma (non-thermal) pyrolysis & Case study of Levidian (2)

3.7.18. Key plasma pyrolysis players (1)

3.7.19. Key plasma pyrolysis players (2)

3.7.20. Other methane pyrolysis technologies

3.7.21. Key pyrolysis players using other technologies

3.7.22. Comparison of pyrolysis processes (1)

3.7.23. Comparison of pyrolysis processes (2)

3.7.24. Levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) and carbon intensity of methane pyrolysis

3.7.25. Managing large quantity of carbon black from methane pyrolysis

3.7.26. Overview and market size of advance carbon

3.7.27. Market overview of carbon black

3.7.28. Market overview of specialty carbon black

3.7.29. Methane pyrolysis SWOT analysis

3.7.30. Methane pyrolysis summary & key takeaways

3.8. Biomass processes

3.8.1. Blue hydrogen from biomass

3.8.2. Pathways for hydrogen production from biomass

3.8.3. Gasification and pyrolysis processes are the main technologies for biomass-based blue hydrogen with limited operational projects to date

3.8.4. Comparison of pyrolysis and gasification processes

3.8.5. Biomass & waste gasification overview

3.8.6. Biochar as a by-product and its applications

3.8.7. Biomass gasifier types

3.8.8. Case study of pre-treatment methods for biomass gasification

3.8.9. Fluidized bed reactors serves as versatile and widely adopted gasifiers

3.8.10. Biomass gasifier performance comparison

3.8.11. Novel technologies for biomass gasification (1/2)

3.8.12. Novel technologies for biomass gasification (2/2)

3.8.13. Bio-syngas for DRI & FerroSilva case study

3.8.14. Hydrogen from biomass gasification & Mote case study

3.8.15. Novel gasification & reforming concept & Concord Blue case study

3.8.16. Biomass & waste pyrolysis overview

3.8.17. Key technical factors that impact the design of the pyrolysis process

3.8.18. Pyrolysis reactor designs

3.8.19. Considerations in pyrolysis plant design: Heating methods

3.8.20. Size limitations of pyrolysis reactors

3.8.21. Conventional and novel technologies for biomass pyrolysis

3.8.22. Hydrogen from waste pyrolysis & Boson Energy case study

3.8.23. Upstream, downstream, and CCUS considerations

3.8.24. Biomass processes SWOT Analysis

3.8.25. Biomass processes summary & key takeaways

3.9. Novel processes

3.9.1. Novel processes for blue hydrogen production

3.9.2. Dry methane reforming (DMR)

3.9.3. Key industrial technologies of DMR

3.9.4. Sorption-enhanced SMR (SE-SMR)

3.9.5. Key sorption-enhanced hydrogen production processes

3.9.6. Convection reforming of methane: 8RH2

3.9.7. Tri-reforming of methane (TRM)

3.9.8. Advanced autothermal gasification (AATG)

3.9.9. Chemical looping combustion (CLC)

3.9.10. Status of chemical looping combustion (CLC)

3.9.11. Electrified SMR (eSMR)

3.9.12. Key industrial technologies of eSMR (1/2)

3.9.13. Key industrial technologies of eSMR (2/2)

3.9.14. Membrane-assisted reforming: Praxair/Linde's OTM reformer

3.9.15. Membrane-assisted reforming: CoorsTek's PCER

3.9.16. Microwave catalytic SMR

3.9.17. Novel processes summary & key takeaways

3.10. Comparison of blue hydrogen processes

3.10.1. Pros & cons of production technologies (1/3)

3.10.2. Pros & cons of production technologies (2/3)

3.10.3. Pros & cons of production technologies (3/3)

3.10.4. Comparative metrics and methodology for hydrogen technologies

3.10.5. Levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) comparison (1/2)

3.10.6. Levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) comparison (2/2)

3.10.7. Cost breakdown comparison (1/2)

3.10.8. Cost breakdown comparison (2/2)

3.10.9. Key regional drivers of hydrogen production cost

3.10.10. CO2 emission intensity comparison (1/2)

3.10.11. CO2 emission intensity comparison (2/2)

3.10.12. Carbon pricing can make blue hydrogen cheaper than grey hydrogen

3.10.13. Hydrogen production processes by TRL

3.10.14. Hydrogen production processes by stage of development

3.10.15. Key innovations in blue hydrogen technology (1/2)

3.10.16. Key innovations in blue hydrogen technology (2/2)

3.10.17. Leading blue hydrogen companies

4. CCUS (CARBON CAPTURE, UTILIZATION, AND STORAGE) FOR BLUE HYDROGEN

4.1. Introduction to CCUS (carbon capture, utilization, and storage)

4.1.1. What is Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)?

4.1.2. Why CCUS and why now?

4.1.3. CCUS business model overview: Value from CO2

4.1.4. Development of the CCS business model

4.1.5. CCUS business model: Networks and hub model

4.1.6. CCUS business model: Partial-chain

4.1.7. CO2 storage

4.1.8. Carbon dioxide storage-type maturity and operator landscape

4.1.9. World map of operational and under construction large-scale dedicated CO2 storage sites

4.1.10. Carbon pricing and its role in blue hydrogen market

4.1.11. Two main approaches to carbon pricing

4.1.12. Compliance carbon pricing mechanisms across the globe

4.1.13. Alternative to carbon pricing in the US: 45Q tax credits

4.1.14. Why CO2 utilization?

4.1.15. Current scale for CO2U products

4.1.16. Main CO2 capture systems

4.1.17. Which carbon capture technologies are most mature?

4.1.18. When should different carbon capture technologies be used?

4.1.19. Point-source carbon capture technology providers

4.1.20. No single carbon capture technology will be the best across all applications

4.1.21. High-concentration CO2 sources are the low-hanging fruits

4.1.22. How much does CCUS cost?

4.1.23. The momentum behind CCUS is building up

4.1.24. CCUS capture capacity by region - North America

4.1.25. Which sectors will see the biggest growth in CCUS?

4.1.26. Costs and financing of large-scale CCUS projects

4.1.27. CO2 transportation overview

4.2. Carbon capture for blue hydrogen and blue ammonia

4.2.1. Pre- vs post-combustion CO2 capture for blue hydrogen

4.2.2. Blue hydrogen production - SMR with CCUS

4.2.3. Capturing CO2 from ATR & POX is easier

4.2.4. CO2 capture retrofit options for blue H2 production

4.2.5. Overview of CCUS blue hydrogen projects

4.2.6. CO2 capture retrofit options: Honeywell UOP example

4.2.7. Cost comparison: Commercial CO2 capture systems for blue H2

4.2.8. Real world data: CO2 capture systems for blue hydrogen

4.2.9. Technologies for future blue hydrogen projects

4.2.10. Emerging technologies for blue hydrogen - alternatives to ATR

4.3. Solvents for carbon capture

4.3.1. Solvent-based CO₂ capture

4.3.2. Chemical absorption solvents

4.3.3. Amine-based post-combustion CO₂ absorption

4.3.4. The development of amine solvents for carbon capture

4.3.5. Innovations in amine solvents

4.3.6. Amine-solvents dominate CCUS but challenges remain

4.3.7. Amine solvent carbon capture technology providers for post-combustion capture (1/2)

4.3.8. Amine solvent carbon capture technology providers for post-combustion capture (2/2)

4.3.9. "Cheap Chinese amines" - Amine solvent technologies from China coming into the international market

4.3.10. Hot Potassium Carbonate (HPC) process

4.3.11. HPC carbon capture technology providers for carbon capture

4.3.12. Chemical absorption solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects (1/2)

4.3.13. Chemical absorption solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects (2/2)

4.3.14. Cost breakdown of chemical solvent post-combustion capture

4.3.15. Physical absorption solvents

4.3.16. Comparison of key physical absorption solvents

4.3.17. Physical solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects

4.3.18. When should solvent-based carbon capture not be used?

4.4. Solid sorbents for carbon capture

4.4.1. Solid sorbent-based CO₂ separation

4.4.2. Adsorbents in pressure swing adsorption: Hydrogen separation

4.4.3. Adsorbents in pressure swing adsorption: Carbon capture

4.4.4. Overview of solid sorbents explored for carbon capture

4.4.5. Zeolite-based adsorbents

4.4.6. Carbon-based adsorbents

4.4.7. Metal organic framework (MOF) adsorbents

4.4.8. Solid amine-based adsorbents

4.4.9. Solid sorbent processes used in operational CCUS point-source projects

4.4.10. Solid sorbent materials for carbon capture overview

4.4.11. Sorption enhanced water gas shift (SEWGS)

4.5. Cryogenic carbon capture

4.5.1. Cryogenic CO₂ capture: An emerging alternative

4.5.2. When should cryogenic carbon capture be used?

4.5.3. Status of cryogenic CO2 capture technologies

4.5.4. Cryogenic CO₂ capture in blue hydrogen: Cryocap™

5. BLUE HYDROGEN MARKET FORECASTS

5.1. Blue hydrogen forecast overview and breakdown

5.2. Forecasting methodology

5.3. Forecasting assumptions

5.4. Growth outlook and key drivers for blue hydrogen

5.5. CCUS development supports blue hydrogen growth

5.6. 10-year global blue hydrogen production capacity forecast at different scenarios (Mtpa)

5.7. Blue hydrogen project pipeline: Blue hydrogen remains an emerging field

5.8. 10-year blue hydrogen production capacity forecast by technology (Mtpa) (1/2)

5.9. 10-year blue hydrogen production capacity forecast by technology (Mtpa) (2/2)

5.10. 10-year blue hydrogen market size forecast by technology (US$ billion)

5.11. 10-year blue hydrogen CO2 capture capacity forecast by technology (Mtpa)

5.12. 10-year comparison of global blue hydrogen capacity forecast by technology

5.13. 10-year blue hydrogen production capacity forecast by end-use (Mtpa) (1/2)

5.14. 10-year blue hydrogen production capacity forecast by end-use (Mtpa) (2/2)

5.15. 10-year blue hydrogen market size forecast by end-use (US$ billion)

5.16. 10-year comparison of global blue hydrogen capacity forecast by end-use

5.17. 10-year blue hydrogen production capacity forecast by region (Mtpa) (1/2)

5.18. 10-year blue hydrogen production capacity forecast by region (Mtpa) (2/2)

5.19. 10-year blue hydrogen market size forecast by region (US$ billion)

5.20. Average blue hydrogen costs are forecast to decline continuously to <$3/kg-H₂ over the next decade

5.21. Limitations of forecasting methodology

6. COMPANY PROFILES

6.1. 8 Rivers (Full profile, 2022)

6.2. 8 Rivers (Updates, 2024)

6.3. Air Liquide: Carbon Capture Solutions

6.4. Air Products: Hydrogen Solutions

6.5. Aker Carbon Capture

6.6. Aker Horizons

6.7. Babcock & Wilcox (B&W): BrightLoop Hydrogen Production Technology

6.8. BASF: Methane Pyrolysis Process

6.9. Cadent Gas: Hydrogen Pipeline & Blending Projects

6.10. CAPTICO₂

6.11. China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC)

6.12. Chiyoda Corporation: CT-CO₂AR

6.13. Compact Membrane Systems (CMS)

6.14. Concord Blue Engineering

6.15. CO₂ Capsol

6.16. CyanoCapture

6.17. DiviGas

6.18. Fluor: Carbon Capture

6.19. FuelCell Energy

6.20. Giammarco Vetrocoke

6.21. Graforce

6.22. Graphitic Energy (Formerly C-Zero)

6.23. Hazer Group (Full profile, 2022)

6.24. Hazer Group (Updates, 2024)

6.25. Honeywell UOP

6.26. Honeywell UOP: CO₂ Solutions

6.27. Horisont Energi

6.28. Hydrogen Mem-Tech (Full profile, 2023)

6.29. Hydrogen Mem-Tech (Updates, 2025)

6.30. Ionada

6.31. Johnson Matthey: Blue Hydrogen Solutions

6.32. Kawasaki Heavy Industries: Liquid Hydrogen Supply Chain

6.33. Levidian

6.34. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries: KM CDR Process

6.35. Modern Hydrogen

6.36. Monolith

6.37. Mote

6.38. Nuada: MOF-Based Carbon Capture

6.39. Shell & Technip Energies Alliance: CANSOLV Carbon Capture Technology

6.40. SLB Capturi

6.41. Svante (Full profile, 2022)

6.42. Svante (Updates, 2024)

6.43. Svante (Full profile, Updates, 2026)

6.44. Svante: MOF-Based Carbon Capture

6.45. Technip Energies (T.EN): Hydrogen

6.46. Tetronics

6.47. Topsoe: Blue Hydrogen Technologies

6.48. Transform Materials

6.49. Tulum Energy

6.50. Turquoise Group

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