1. |
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. |
The electronics industry today |
1.2. |
Sustainability index benchmarking |
1.3. |
Manufacturing of PCBs concentrated in APAC |
1.4. |
Unsustainable conventional electronics manufacturing |
1.5. |
Challenges for sustainable electronics |
1.6. |
Supply chain security |
1.7. |
Global electronics funding |
1.8. |
Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation pushing sustainability |
1.9. |
Other global electronics regulations (I) |
1.10. |
Other global electronics regulations (II) |
1.11. |
Life cycle analysis |
1.12. |
Eco-design through life cycle analysis |
1.13. |
Energy usage optimization in manufacturing |
1.14. |
Energy saving through photonic sintering |
1.15. |
Renewable energy adoption |
1.16. |
Forecast IC manufacturing energy usage |
1.17. |
PFAS in semiconductor manufacturing |
1.18. |
Technology advancements impact sustainability |
1.19. |
EUV sustainability |
1.20. |
Gallium nitride benefits |
1.21. |
Sustainability index: Wafer materials |
1.22. |
Forecast IC production by substrate |
1.23. |
Silicon wafer production improvements |
1.24. |
Chemical usage and environmental impact for photolithography |
1.25. |
Solvent use reduction and reuse |
1.26. |
Etchant regeneration makes wet etching for PCBs more sustainable |
1.27. |
Sustainability index: Patterning and metallization processes for PCBs |
1.28. |
Additive manufacturing benefits |
1.29. |
The role of water in semiconductor manufacturing |
1.30. |
Forecast IC manufacturing water usage |
1.31. |
Water reuse |
1.32. |
Sustainability index: Alternative PCB substrates |
1.33. |
JIVA Partnerships could accelerate uptake in Soluboard ® |
1.34. |
Forecast PCB revenue by substrate |
1.35. |
PCB component attachment materials |
1.36. |
Circular economy opportunities for soldering |
1.37. |
Recycling and reuse initiatives for electronics |
1.38. |
Summary of techniques to reduce electronic waste |
1.39. |
Key takeaways (I) |
1.40. |
Key takeaways (II) |
1.41. |
Key takeaways (III) |
2. |
INTRODUCTION |
2.1. |
The electronics industry today |
2.2. |
Sustainability in the electronics industry |
2.3. |
Conventional electronics manufacturing poses obstacles to sustainability challenge |
2.4. |
Increasing numbers of electronic devices |
2.5. |
Manufacturing strategies to increase speed and reduce embedded energy |
2.6. |
Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation |
2.7. |
Global impacts for electronics |
2.8. |
Anti-Greenwashing |
2.9. |
Other global electronics regulations (I) |
2.10. |
Other global electronics regulations (II) |
2.11. |
Global electronics funding |
2.12. |
Onshoring |
2.13. |
Sustainability promotes opportunities in the electronics industry |
2.14. |
Renewable energy adoption |
2.15. |
Carbon price drives renewable energy adoption |
2.16. |
Smart manufacturing |
2.17. |
Recycling and reuse initiatives for electronics |
2.18. |
Report structure |
2.19. |
Sustainability index benchmarking |
3. |
SUSTAINABLE ELECTRONICS MARKET FORECASTS |
3.1. |
Forecasting data sources |
3.2. |
Methodology- substrate production and manufacturing method forecasts |
3.3. |
Methodology- energy and water usage forecasts |
3.4. |
PCB production by substrate |
3.5. |
PCB revenue by substrate |
3.6. |
Rigid PCBs patterning and metallization methods |
3.7. |
Flexible PCBs patterning and metallization methods |
3.8. |
Rigid PCB component attachment materials |
3.9. |
Flexible PCB component attachment materials |
3.10. |
IC production by substrate |
3.11. |
IC manufacturing energy usage |
3.12. |
IC manufacturing water usage |
3.13. |
Global e-waste generation |
3.14. |
Summary- PCB manufacturing |
3.15. |
Summary- IC manufacturing |
4. |
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT MANUFACTURING |
4.1.1. |
IC manufacturing: Chapter structure |
4.1.2. |
Conventional integrated circuit manufacturing |
4.1.3. |
Key areas for sustainability within IC manufacturing |
4.2. |
Wafer preparation and materials |
4.2.1. |
Introduction to wafer production for ICs |
4.2.2. |
Conventional silicon wafer production |
4.2.3. |
Si wafer energy and material loss |
4.2.4. |
Silicon wafer production improvements |
4.2.5. |
Gallium nitride benefits |
4.2.6. |
Gallium nitride manufacturing |
4.2.7. |
Silicon carbide comparison |
4.2.8. |
SWOT analysis: Gallium nitride ICs |
4.2.9. |
PragmatIC flexible ICs |
4.2.10. |
SWOT analysis: PragmatIC's flexible ICs |
4.2.11. |
Printed organic ICs |
4.2.12. |
Sustainability index: Wafer material |
4.2.13. |
Key takeaways: Wafer preparation |
4.3. |
Oxidation |
4.3.1. |
Introduction to oxidation |
4.3.2. |
Pre-oxidation cleaning replacements |
4.3.3. |
Recycling acid etchants |
4.3.4. |
Substrate oxidation |
4.3.5. |
Wet and dry thermal oxidation |
4.3.6. |
MOSFET transistors |
4.3.7. |
Transistor gate oxide improvements |
4.3.8. |
Solution-based manufacture of gate oxides |
4.3.9. |
Solution-based hafnium oxide |
4.3.10. |
Sustainable gate oxides research (I) |
4.3.11. |
Sustainable gate oxides research (II) |
4.3.12. |
Silicon on Insulator (SOI) |
4.3.13. |
SOI Manufacture |
4.3.14. |
Status and market potential of gate oxides |
4.3.15. |
Gate oxides: Key SWOT for major technologies |
4.3.16. |
Sustainability index: Oxidation |
4.3.17. |
Key takeaways: Oxidation |
4.4. |
Patterning and surface doping |
4.4.1. |
Introduction: Patterning and surface doping |
4.4.2. |
Conventional photolithography (I) |
4.4.3. |
Conventional photolithography (II) |
4.4.4. |
Chemical usage and environmental impact for photolithography |
4.4.5. |
EUV and other photolithography advancements |
4.4.6. |
Semiconductor foundry node roadmap |
4.4.7. |
EUV sustainability |
4.4.8. |
Conventional etching |
4.4.9. |
Dry vs wet etching |
4.4.10. |
Plasma etching challenges |
4.4.11. |
Dry etching chemicals |
4.4.12. |
Solvent use reduction and reuse |
4.4.13. |
Chemical reduction |
4.4.14. |
Green solvents and materials |
4.4.15. |
Green materials research |
4.4.16. |
PFAS in semiconductor manufacturing |
4.4.17. |
PFAS reduction and replacement (I) |
4.4.18. |
PFAS reduction and replacement (II) |
4.4.19. |
Photolithography hydrogen use |
4.4.20. |
Conventional deposition and doping |
4.4.21. |
Sustainable innovations for deposition and doping |
4.4.22. |
Energy usage optimization |
4.4.23. |
Nano OPS' 'fab in a tool' |
4.4.24. |
Patterning methods: Key SWOT |
4.4.25. |
Sustainability index: Patterning |
4.4.26. |
Key takeaways: Patterning and doping |
4.5. |
Metallization and packaging |
4.5.1. |
Introduction: Metallization |
4.5.2. |
Conventional metallization |
4.5.3. |
Metal gate material price |
4.5.4. |
EU Due diligence restrictions on tantalum sourcing |
4.5.5. |
Electroplating and physical vapour deposition |
4.5.6. |
Electroplating sustainable advancements |
4.5.7. |
Printed metal gates for organic thin film transistors |
4.5.8. |
Sustainability index: Metallization |
4.5.9. |
Key takeaways: Metallization |
4.6. |
Packaging |
4.6.1. |
Introduction: Packaging |
4.6.2. |
Conventional packaging |
4.6.3. |
3D packaging transition |
4.6.4. |
Interconnection technique - Wire Bond |
4.6.5. |
Interconnection technique - Flip Chip |
4.6.6. |
Sustainability index: Interconnection techniques |
4.6.7. |
Glass interposer packaging implementation |
4.6.8. |
Organic substrates comparison |
4.6.9. |
Interposer technologies: Key SWOT |
4.6.10. |
PFAS reduction in packaging |
4.6.11. |
Circular economy through semiconductor packaging |
4.6.12. |
Key takeaways: Packaging |
4.7. |
Water management |
4.7.1. |
Introduction: Water management |
4.7.2. |
The role of water in semiconductor manufacturing |
4.7.3. |
Global water scarcity |
4.7.4. |
The importance of water sustainability in semiconductor manufacture |
4.7.5. |
Case study: Taiwan |
4.8. |
Ultra pure water in semiconductor manufacturing |
4.8.1. |
Ultra pure water use in manufacturing |
4.8.2. |
UPW specifications and monitoring methods |
4.8.3. |
The importance of UPW specifications |
4.8.4. |
Ultra pure water production |
4.8.5. |
UPW contamination difficulties |
4.9. |
Water treatment technique advancement |
4.9.1. |
UPW technology advancements (I) |
4.9.2. |
UPW technology advancements (II) |
4.9.3. |
Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) |
4.9.4. |
Technology readiness level (TRL) |
4.10. |
Water management strategies |
4.10.1. |
Water usage increasing with advancing technology |
4.10.2. |
Water management efficiency |
4.10.3. |
Water management motivations |
4.10.4. |
Water management techniques (I) |
4.10.5. |
Water management techniques (II) |
4.10.6. |
Water reuse |
4.10.7. |
Wet processing equipment suppliers incorporating water management |
4.10.8. |
Water management player strategies |
4.10.9. |
Cost benefit analysis of UPW upgrades and reuse |
4.10.10. |
Key takeaways: Water management |
5. |
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD MANUFACTURING |
5.1.1. |
PCB manufacturing: Chapter structure |
5.1.2. |
Introduction: History of traditional PCBs |
5.1.3. |
Conventional PCB manufacturing |
5.1.4. |
Manufacturing of PCBs concentrated in APAC |
5.1.5. |
Key areas for sustainability within PCBs |
5.1.6. |
Sustainable materials for PCB manufacturing |
5.2. |
Design options |
5.2.1. |
Introduction: Design options for PCBs |
5.2.2. |
Ecodesign regulation |
5.2.3. |
Eco-design |
5.2.4. |
Double-sided and multi-layered PCBs allow extra complexity and reduce board size |
5.2.5. |
Flexible PCBs |
5.2.6. |
Moving away from rigid PCBs will enable new applications |
5.2.7. |
In-mold electronics |
5.2.8. |
IME manufacturing process flow |
5.2.9. |
Motivation and challenges for IME |
5.2.10. |
How sustainable is IME? |
5.2.11. |
IME can reduce plastic usage by more than 50% |
5.2.12. |
Investment in In-Mold Electronics |
5.2.13. |
TactoTek |
5.2.14. |
IME vs reference component: Cradle to gate automotive life cycle assessment |
5.2.15. |
Key takeaways: PCB design options |
5.3. |
Substrate choices |
5.3.1. |
Introduction: Substrate choices |
5.3.2. |
Disadvantages of FR4 |
5.4. |
Rigid PCB alternative substrates |
5.4.1. |
Legislation on halogenated substances |
5.4.2. |
Halogen-free FR4 advantages |
5.4.3. |
Household name halogen-free FR4 adoption |
5.4.4. |
Halogen-free PCB suppliers for high-frequency applications |
5.4.5. |
SWOT analysis: Halogen-free FR4 |
5.4.6. |
Glass substrates (I) |
5.4.7. |
Glass core substrates (II) |
5.4.8. |
Ceramic substrates |
5.4.9. |
Ceramic substrate property comparison |
5.4.10. |
Vitrimer PCBs |
5.4.11. |
SYTECH Recyclable PCB |
5.4.12. |
Low-energy epoxy resins |
5.4.13. |
Rigid PCB substrates: Key SWOT |
5.5. |
Flexible PCB substrates |
5.5.1. |
Introduction to flexible PCB substrates |
5.5.2. |
Polyimide comparison to FR4 and new opportunities |
5.5.3. |
Application areas for flexible PCBs |
5.5.4. |
Polyimide alternatives |
5.5.5. |
Recyclable polyimide substrate development |
5.5.6. |
Stretchable electronics |
5.5.7. |
Flexible PCB substrates: Key SWOT |
5.6. |
Bio-based and biodegradable substrates |
5.6.1. |
Introduction to bio-based PCBs |
5.6.2. |
Switching to bio-based PCBs involves new optimization |
5.6.3. |
Bioplastics for PCBs |
5.6.4. |
Bioplastics: Current research and use |
5.6.5. |
Polylactic acid |
5.6.6. |
Biodegradable PCBs- JIVA |
5.6.7. |
JIVA Partnerships could accelerate uptake |
5.6.8. |
Dell's Concept Luna laptop using Soluboard® |
5.6.9. |
Project HyPELignum |
5.6.10. |
Cellulose research and development |
5.6.11. |
'Papertronics' research |
5.6.12. |
SWOT Analysis: Bio-based materials |
5.7. |
Key takeaways |
5.7.1. |
Sustainability index: PCB substrates |
5.7.2. |
Key takeaways |
5.8. |
Patterning and metallization |
5.8.1. |
Introduction: Patterning and metallisation |
5.8.2. |
Conventional metallization is wasteful and harmful |
5.8.3. |
Common etchants pose environmental hazards |
5.8.4. |
Etchant regeneration makes wet etching more sustainable |
5.8.5. |
Additive manufacturing benefits |
5.8.6. |
Dry phase patterning |
5.8.7. |
Print-and-plate |
5.8.8. |
Sustainability benefits of print-and-plate |
5.8.9. |
Formaldehyde alternative for green electroless plating |
5.8.10. |
Laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) |
5.8.11. |
Operating mechanism of LIFT |
5.8.12. |
Target applications for laser induced forward transfer |
5.8.13. |
Copper inks |
5.8.14. |
Copper ink: Copprint |
5.8.15. |
Copper inks driven by price |
5.8.16. |
SWOT analysis: Copper inks |
5.8.17. |
Carbon based inks |
5.8.18. |
Barriers in printed electronics |
5.8.19. |
Nano Dimension 3D printing |
5.8.20. |
Sustainability index: Patterning and Metallization Processes |
5.8.21. |
Sustainability index: Patterning and Metallization Materials |
5.8.22. |
Key takeaways: Patterning and metallization |
5.9. |
Component attachment - Materials |
5.9.1. |
Introduction: Component attachment materials |
5.9.2. |
Component attachment materials |
5.9.3. |
Comparing component attachment types |
5.9.4. |
Introduction: Limitations of conventional lead-free solder |
5.9.5. |
Wide range of solder alloys available |
5.9.6. |
Second-life tin |
5.9.7. |
Low-temperature soldering and adhesives sustainability advantages |
5.9.8. |
Low temperature solder alloys |
5.9.9. |
Low temperature solder enables thermally fragile flexible substrates |
5.9.10. |
Low temperature solder could perform as well as conventional solder |
5.9.11. |
Low temperature alloy price comparison |
5.9.12. |
SAFI-Tech's innovative supercooled liquid solder |
5.9.13. |
SWOT Analysis: Low temperature solder |
5.9.14. |
Electrically conductive adhesive's introduction |
5.9.15. |
Non-conductive resin materials in ECAs |
5.9.16. |
Key ECA innovations |
5.9.17. |
ECAs in in-mold electronics (IME) |
5.9.18. |
Low temperature curing ECAs |
5.9.19. |
SWOT Analysis: ECAs |
5.9.20. |
Status and market potential of SAC solder alternatives |
5.9.21. |
ECAs vs low temperature solder |
5.9.22. |
Sustainability index: Component attachment materials |
5.9.23. |
Key takeaways: Component attachment materials |
5.10. |
Component Attachment - Processes |
5.10.1. |
Introduction: Component attachment processes |
5.10.2. |
Thermal processing can be slow and time consuming |
5.10.3. |
UV curing of ECAs could lower heat |
5.10.4. |
UV curing equipment widely available |
5.10.5. |
Photonic sintering and curing advantages |
5.10.6. |
Photonic sintering |
5.10.7. |
Near-infrared radiation can dry in seconds |
5.10.8. |
Status and market potential of component attachment processes |
5.10.9. |
Sustainability index: Component attachment processes |
5.10.10. |
Key takeaways: Component attachment processes |
6. |
END OF LIFE |
6. |
END OF LIFE |
6.1.1. |
Introduction: End of life |
6.1.1. |
Introduction: End of life |
6.1.2. |
E-waste is rapidly accumulating but recycling struggles to keep up |
6.1.2. |
E-waste is rapidly accumulating but recycling struggles to keep up |
6.1.3. |
Increasing legislation for e-waste |
6.1.3. |
Increasing legislation for e-waste |
6.1.4. |
Largest emissions from electronics are produced by ICs |
6.1.4. |
Largest emissions from electronics are produced by ICs |
6.1.5. |
Increasing renewable energy can result in substantial emissions reductions |
6.1.5. |
Increasing renewable energy can result in substantial emissions reductions |
6.1.6. |
Early testing minimizes waste |
6.1.6. |
Early testing minimizes waste |
6.1.7. |
Etchant produces largest amount of hazardous waste |
6.1.7. |
Etchant produces largest amount of hazardous waste |
6.2. |
Recycling, recovery and reuse |
6.2. |
Recycling, recovery and reuse |
6.2.1. |
Recovery of copper oxide from wastewater slurry |
6.2.1. |
Recovery of copper oxide from wastewater slurry |
6.2.2. |
PCB recycling |
6.2.2. |
PCB recycling |
6.2.3. |
PCB previous metal recovery |
6.2.3. |
PCB previous metal recovery |
6.2.4. |
Critical semiconductor materials: Applications and recycling rates |
6.2.4. |
Critical semiconductor materials: Applications and recycling rates |
6.2.5. |
Semiconductor hydrofluoric acid waste |
6.2.5. |
Semiconductor hydrofluoric acid waste |
6.2.6. |
Recyclable PCBs |
6.2.6. |
Recyclable PCBs |
6.2.7. |
Biodegradable substrates |
6.2.7. |
Biodegradable substrates |
6.2.8. |
Excess stock |
6.2.8. |
Excess stock |
6.2.9. |
Global take-back schemes |
6.2.9. |
Global take-back schemes |
6.2.10. |
Reuse of equipment |
6.2.10. |
Reuse of equipment |
6.3. |
Key takeaways |
6.3. |
Key takeaways |
6.3.1. |
Summary of techniques to reduce waste |
6.3.1. |
Summary of techniques to reduce waste |
6.3.2. |
Key takeaways: End of life |
6.3.2. |
Key takeaways: End of life |
7. |
COMPANY PROFILES |
7. |
COMPANY PROFILES |
7.1. |
Links to company profiles on IDTechEx website |
7.1. |
Links to company profiles on IDTechEx website |