Summary

The chemical industry is undergoing a change in its raw material base comparable to the shift from coal to oil in the mid-twentieth century. This time the driver is not a cheaper carbon source but a cleaner one. Roughly two-thirds of the sector's carbon footprint is not energy at all: it is the carbon embedded in the feedstock itself, which ends up in plastics, fibres, solvents, fertilisers and pharmaceuticals. Renewable electricity cannot remove that carbon. Only changing where the carbon comes from can. Six feedstock classes are competing to displace petroleum naphtha and natural gas. Biomass supplies sugars, oils and lignocellulose. Captured carbon dioxide can be converted into fuels, polymers and construction materials. Waste plastics can be broken back down to monomers or cracker feed. Municipal, agricultural and industrial residues can be valorised into chemicals rather than landfilled. Industrial by-products such as slags and tailings carry recoverable value. Renewable hydrogen supplies the reagent on which ammonia, methanol and every carbon dioxide hydrogenation route depends.

These are not interchangeable. They differ in contaminant profile, conversion chemistry, capital intensity and commercial readiness, and the most common error in early-stage feedstock strategy is to treat them as a single category. Some are drop-in substitutes requiring no downstream change but constrained by supply. Others open far larger markets but demand an entirely new reaction platform, a hydrogen obligation and a power purchase strategy.

The binding constraints are rarely scientific. Sustainable feedstocks are contested resources: the same waste lipids serve renewable diesel, aviation fuel and oleochemicals, and mandate-backed fuel demand generally outbids chemical demand. Conversion routes that reduce carbon dioxide are governed by the cost of energy rather than the price of the molecule. Waste-derived streams are heterogeneous, so purification rather than the reactor is where cost concentrates. Capital costs run well above conventional petrochemical equivalents, and first-of-a-kind risk keeps financing expensive.

What is changing is the direction of the cost curves. Fossil feedstock economics are set by a mature, fully depreciated system and rise with crude prices and carbon pricing. Sustainable feedstock economics are set by young supply chains and fall with volume, learning and scale. Carbon pricing, renewable content mandates and brand-owner commitments are pulling demand forward, while mass-balance certification is allowing renewable carbon into commodity chains without new assets. The crossover is no longer a single global event but a series of regional, product-specific ones.

The Global Market for Sustainable Chemical Feedstocks 2027-2035 is a comprehensive assessment of the transition of the chemical industry away from petroleum naphtha and natural gas towards biomass, captured carbon dioxide, waste streams, recycled plastics, industrial by-products and renewable hydrogen. The report covers the feedstocks themselves, the conversion technologies that turn them into usable chemicals, and the downstream markets being reshaped as a result. It examines biomass classification and pretreatment, carbon dioxide capture and conversion pathways, chemical recycling by pyrolysis, gasification, dissolution and depolymerisation, water electrolysis and the electrolyser technology base, biorefining and industrial biotechnology, advanced catalysis and biocatalysis, synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, green solvents, waste valorisation and critical material recovery.

Thirteen downstream markets are analysed in detail, spanning polymers and materials, agriculture, construction, packaging, cosmetics and personal care, paints and coatings, electronics, textiles, fuels and lubricants, pharmaceuticals, additive manufacturing, and the application of artificial intelligence and quantum chemistry to chemical design. The analysis is supported by extensive company coverage, with product and technology descriptions for more than two thousand organisations across the value chain. Forecasts, technology readiness assessments and capacity data are provided throughout, together with an evaluation of the barriers that continue to constrain commercial deployment, including feedstock availability and competition, purification costs, capital intensity and the pace of regulatory change.

Report contents include:

• Executive Summary - drivers and trends, emissions profile of the sector, consumer and regulatory pressure, carbon taxation, cost structure, and the markets being transformed
• Feedstocks - biomass types and composition, pretreatment and conversion, lignocellulosic and non-lignocellulosic sources, algae, energy crops, CO2 as a carbon source, waste valorisation, renewable hydrogen, and feedstock transition pathways by sector
• Green Chemistry Principles and Applications - the twelve principles, atom and step economy, green solvents, catalysis and biocatalysis, green metrics and life cycle assessment
• Circular Economy in the Chemical Industry - design for circularity, chemical recycling by pyrolysis, gasification, dissolution and depolymerisation, plant capacities, upcycling, circular business models
• Electrification of Chemical Processes - renewable electricity, electrochemical and electroorganic synthesis, CO2 reduction, nitrogen fixation, plasma and microwave chemistry, Power-to-X
• Digitalization and Industry 4.0 in Chemistry - big data, AI and machine learning, digital twins, blockchain traceability, cybersecurity
• Advanced Manufacturing Technologies - continuous flow chemistry, microreactors and process intensification, modular and distributed manufacturing, 3D printing of chemicals, advanced process control
• Biorefining and Industrial Biotechnology - biorefinery concepts, lignocellulosic and algal processing, upstream and downstream bioprocessing, scale-up, analytical methods
• CO2 Utilization Technologies - capture technologies, conversion pathways, business models, CO2-derived fuels, chemicals, polymers and construction materials, enhanced oil recovery, mineralisation
• Advanced Catalysts for Sustainable Chemistry - biocatalyst types, protein engineering, industrial enzyme applications, production methods, emerging design technologies
• Synthetic Biology and Metabolic Engineering - metabolic engineering, DNA synthesis and assembly, genome engineering, strain construction, chassis organisms, feedstocks
• Green Solvents and Alternative Reaction Media - bio-based, switchable and deep eutectic solvents, supercritical fluids, solvent-free routes and mechanochemistry
• Waste Valorization and Resource Recovery - municipal and agricultural waste to chemicals, critical material extraction, battery and rare-earth recovery, wastewater resource recovery, mining waste
• Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Integration - efficiency measures, heat recovery and pinch analysis, renewable sources, energy storage, CHP, industrial symbiosis
• Safety and Sustainability Assessment - green chemistry metrics, life cycle assessment, safety by design, risk assessment, environmental impact assessment, social and ethical considerations
• Regulations and Policy - evolution of chemical regulation, environmental policy drivers, incentives, challenges in regulating emerging technologies, international harmonisation
• Markets and Products - thirteen downstream markets analysed in full: sustainable materials and polymers; agriculture chemicals; construction materials; packaging; cosmetics and personal care; paints and coatings; electronics; textiles and fibres; alternative fuels and lubricants; pharmaceuticals and healthcare; advanced materials for 3D printing; AI in chemical design; quantum chemistry applications
• Economic Aspects and Business Models - cost competitiveness by technology, investment trends, circular economy business models, commercial case studies
• Future Outlook and Emerging Trends - convergence of bio, nano and information technologies, quantum computing, space-based manufacturing, artificial photosynthesis, AI-driven R&D
• Appendices and References - supporting reference material and full source list

Companies profiled include: 1point8, 1QBit, 3Bar Biologics, 3D Systems, 3M, 3R-BioPhosphate, 44.01, 4R Energy Corporation, 525 Solutions, Inc, 8Rivers, 9Fiber, Inc, Aamati Green Pvt Ltd, Aanika Biosciences, ABIS Aerogel Co., Ltd, Absci Corp, Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC), Accelegrow, Accurec Recycling GmbH, ACE Green Recycling, Active Aerogels, Adaptavate, Adaptive Biotechnologies, Adaptive Symbiotic Technologies, ADBioplastics, Adionics, Adjuvants Plus, Adriano di Marti/Desserto, Adsorbi, Aduro Clean Technologies, Advanced Biochemical (Thailand) Co., Ltd, Aekyung Chemical Co., Ltd, Aemetis, Inc, AEP Polymers, Aerobel BV, Aerofybers Technologies SL, Aerogel Technologies LLC, aerogel-it GmbH, Aeropowder Limited, Aeternal Upcycling, AFINGEN, Again Bio, AgBiome, AGFA-Gevaert, Agilyx, AGITEC International AG, Agra Energy, Agragene, AGRANA Staerke GmbH, AGRI SMILE, Agrinos, AgriSea NZ Seaweed Ltd, Agrivida, Agrobiomics, AgroSpheres, AgroSustain SA, AGvisorPRO, Ahlstrom-Munksjo Oyj, AI Proteins, AIM Solder, Air Company, Air Liquide S.A, Air Products, Air Protein, Aircela Inc, Airco Process Technology, Airex Energy, AirHive, Airovation Technologies, Aizawa Concrete Corporation, Akorn Technology, Akzo Nobel N.V, Albemarle, Alberdingk Boley GmbH, Alberta Innovates, Alchemy GmbH (Alcemy), Alfa Kimya S.A, Algaeing, Algal Bio Co., Ltd, Algenesis Corporation, Algenol, Algiecel ApS, AlgiKnit, Algix LLC, Algorithmiq, AlixLabs AB, Allnex, Allonnia LLC, Allozymes, AlmaScience, Alpha Assembly Solutions, Alpha Biofuels (Singapore) Pte Ltd, Alpha Recyclage Composites, Alt.Leather, Altana AG (Heliosonic GmbH), Alter Eco Pulp, Alterpacks, Alterra Energy, Altilium, Alto Neuroscience, Altropol Kunststoff GmbH, Ambercycle, American Battery Technology Company (ABTC), Amfora, Amgen, AmicaTerra, AmphiStar, Amply Discovery, Amroy Europe, AMSilk GmbH, Amyris, Inc, An Phat Bioplastics, Anacarda ltd, Ananas Anam Ltd, Andermatt Biocontrol, Andes Ag, Inc, ANDRITZ AG, Anellotech, Inc, Anhua Taisen, Anhui Oursun Resource Technology, Ankor Bioplastics Co., Ltd, Anomera Inc, ANPOLY, Inc, Anqing He Xing Chemical Co., Ltd, Antheia, Anuvia, APChemi Pvt. Ltd, Apeel Sciences, Apeiron Bioenergy, Aperam BioEnergia, ApexQubit, Aphea.Bio, APK AG, Applied Bioplastics, Applied Graphene Materials, Applied Ink Solutions, Applied Research Associates, Inc. (ARA), Aqemia, Aqua Metals, Inc, Aquafil S.p.A, Aqualung Carbon Capture, Aquapak Polymers Ltd, Aralez Bio, Arborea, Arca, Arcadia Biosciences, Arcadia eFuels, ArcelorMittal SA, Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM), Archroma, Arctic Biomaterials Oy, ARCUS Greencycling, Arda Biomaterials, Ardra Bio, Arekapak GmbH, Arjowiggins Group, Arkema S.A, Arkeon Biotechnologies, Arlanxeo, Armacell International S.A, Arrow Greentech, Arysta LifeScience, Arzeda Corp, Asahi Kasei Corporation, ASB Biodiesel Limited, Ascend Elements, Ascribe Bioscience, Asfert Global, Asimov, Aspen Aerogels, Inc, AspiraDAC Pty Ltd, Aspiring Materials, AstraZeneca, Atantares, Athos Therapeutics, Atlantica Agricola, Atmonia, Atoco, Atomwise, Atos Quantum, Attero, Attis Innovations, llc, Audi, Aurigene Pharmaceutical Services, Autolus, AVA Biochem AG, Avalon BioEnergy, Avani Eco, Avantium N.V, Avicenna Biosciences, Avient Corporation, Avioxx, Avnos Inc, Axalta, Axcelon Biopolymers Corporation, Axens SA, Ayas Renewables Inc, Aymium, Azolla, Azotic Technologies, Azul Energy, B-PREG, BacTech Environmental Corporation, Balena, Ballance Agri-Nutrients, Ballard Power Systems, Balrampur Chini Mills, Bando Chemical, BANIQL, Baril Coatings B.V, BarkTex, Barton Blakeley Technologies Ltd, Basecamp Research, BASF SE, Basilisk, Battery Pollution Technologies, Batx Energies Private Limited, Bayer CropScience, BBCA Biochemical & GALACTIC Lactic Acid Co., Ltd, BC Biocarbon, Bcircular, BDI-BioEnergy International GmbH, BEE Biofuel, Bee Vectoring Technologies, BeFC, Benefuel Inc, BenevolentAI, Benson Hill, Berkeley Energia, Betolar, Beyond Leather Materials ApS, BHP, BigHat Biosciences, BigSis, Bio Fab NZ, BIO-FED, BIO-LUTIONS International AG, Bio-Oils, Bio2Coat, Bio2Materials Sp. z o.o, BioAge Labs, Biobest, BioBetter, BioBTX, Biocatalysts Ltd, Bioceres Crop Solutions, BioConsortia, Bioelements Group, Bioeutectics, Bioextrax AB, Biofabrik Technologies GmbH, Biofibre GmbH, Biofine Technology, LLC, Bioform Technologies, Biofy, BiogasClean A/S, Biohm, Biojet AS, Biokemik, Bioleather, Biolevel, Biolexis Therapeutics, Bioline AgroSciences, BioLNG Eurohub, BIOLO, BioLogiQ, Inc, BioMap, Biomason, Inc, Biomass Resin Holdings Co., Ltd, Biomatter Designs, Biome Bioplastics, Biome Makers, Biomemory, Bionema, BioPak (Australia), BioPhero, Biophilica, BioPhy, Bioplastech Ltd, Bioptimus SAS, BioSmart Nano, Biosyntia, Biotalys, BIOTEC GmbH & Co. KG, Biotecam, Biotelliga, Biotic Circular Technologies Ltd, Biotrem, Biovox GmbH, Bioweg, BioZeroc, bit.bio, Blastr Green Steel, Blest, BlockTexx Pty Ltd, Bloom Biorenewables SA, BluCon Biotech GmbH, Blue BioFuels, Inc, Blue Cycle, Blue Goose Biorefineries, Blue Ocean Closures, Blue Planet Systems Corporation, BlueAlp Technology, Bluepha, Blueshift Materials, Inc, BMW, Bolt Threads, Inc, Bon Vivant, Bontera, Boreal Bioproducts, Borealis AG, Borregaard, Bosk Bioproducts Inc, Boston Materials, Boston Metal, Botanical Solutions, BotanoCap, Botree Cycling, Bowil Biotech Sp. z o.o, Braskem SA, Braven Environmental, LLC, Brazilian Nickel PLC, Brewer Science, Brightmark, Brightplus Oy, Brightseed, Brilliant Planet, Brimstone, Brotherton Seed Company, bse Methanol GmbH, BTG Bioliquids B.V, BTG-BTL, Bucha Bio, Inc, Burgo Group S.p.A, Business Innovation Partners Co., Ltd, ByFusion Global Inc, BYK-Chemie GmbH, Byogy Renewables, Inc, B'ZEOS, and more.

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Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 The Need for a New Era in the Chemical Industry
1.2 Defining the New Era of Chemicals
1.3 Global Drivers and Trends
1.4 The Changing Landscape of the Chemical Industry
1.5 Emerging and Transforming Markets in the New Era of Chemicals
2 FEEDSTOCKS
2.1 Sustainable Feedstocks: The Foundation of the New Era
2.2 Overview of Sustainable Feedstock Options
2.3 Biomass as a Chemical Feedstock
2.4 CO2 as a Carbon Source
2.5 Waste Valorization
2.6 Renewable (Green) Hydrogen
2.7 Feedstock Transition Pathways for Industry
3 GREEN CHEMISTRY PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS
3.1 The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
3.2 Atom Economy and Step Economy in Synthesis
3.3 Solvent Reduction and Green Solvents
3.4 Catalysis for Green Chemistry
3.5 Green Metrics and Life Cycle Assessment in Chemistry
3.6 Feedstock-Specific Green Chemistry Approaches
4 CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
4.1 Principles of Circular Economy
4.2 Design for Circularity in Chemical Products
4.3 Chemical Recycling Technologies
4.4 Upcycling of Chemical Waste
4.5 Circular Business Models in the Chemical Sector
4.6 Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing Circularity
4.7 Companies
5 ELECTRIFICATION OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES
5.1 The Role of Renewable Electricity in Chemical Production
5.2 Electrochemical Synthesis
5.3 Plasma Chemistry
5.4 Microwave-Assisted Chemistry
5.5 Integration of Power-to-X Technologies in Chemical Production
6 DIGITALIZATION AND INDUSTRY 4.0 IN CHEMISTRY
6.1 Big Data and Advanced Analytics in Chemical Research
6.2 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications
6.3 Digital Twins in Chemical Plant Operations
6.4 Blockchain for Supply Chain Transparency and Traceability
6.5 Cybersecurity Challenges in the Digitalized Chemical Industry
7 ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES
7.1 Continuous Flow Chemistry
7.2 Modular and Distributed Manufacturing
7.3 3D Printing of Chemicals and Materials
7.4 Advanced Process Control and Real-time Monitoring
7.5 Flexible and Adaptable Production Systems
8 BIOREFINING AND INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
8.1 Biorefinery Concepts and Configurations
8.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass Processing
8.3 Algal Biorefineries
8.4 Upstream Processing
8.5 Fermentation
8.6 Downstream Processing
8.7 Formulation
8.8 Bioprocess Development
8.9 Analytical Methods
8.10 Scale of Production
8.11 Mode of Operation
8.12 Host Organisms
9 CO2 UTILIZATION TECHNOLOGIES
9.1 Overview
9.2 CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology
9.3 Carbon utilization business models
9.4 CO2 utilization pathways
9.5 Conversion processes
9.6 CO2-derived products
9.7 CO2 Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
9.8 Enhanced mineralization
10 ADVANCED CATALYSTS FOR SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY
10.1 Overview of biocatalyst technology
10.2 Types of biocatalysts
10.3 Production methods and processes
10.4 Emerging technologies and innovations in biocatalysis
10.5 Companies
11 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY AND METABOLIC ENGINEERING
11.1 Metabolic engineering
11.2 Gene and DNA synthesis
11.3 Gene Synthesis and Assembly
11.4 Genome engineering
11.5 Protein/Enzyme Engineering
11.6 Synthetic genomics
11.7 Strain construction and optimization
11.8 Smart bioprocessing
11.9 Chassis organisms
11.10 Biomimetics
11.11 Sustainable materials
11.12 Robotics and automation
11.13 Bioinformatics and computational tools
11.14 Xenobiology and expanded genetic alphabets
11.15 Biosensors and bioelectronics
11.16 Feedstocks
12 GREEN SOLVENTS AND ALTERNATIVE REACTION MEDIA
12.1 Bio-based Solvents
12.2 Switchable Solvents
12.3 Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES)
12.4 Supercritical Fluids in Industrial Applications
12.5 Solvent-free Reactions and Mechanochemistry
12.6 Solvent Selection Tools and Frameworks
12.7 Companies
13 WASTE VALORIZATION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY
13.1 Municipal Solid Waste to Chemicals
13.2 Agricultural and Food Waste Valorization
13.3 Critical Material Extraction Technology
13.4 Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery
13.5 Mining Waste Valorization
13.6 Companies
14 ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION
14.1 Energy Efficiency Measures in Chemical Plants
14.2 Heat Recovery and Pinch Analysis
14.3 Renewable Energy Sources in Chemical Production
14.4 Energy Storage Technologies for Process Industries
14.5 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems
14.6 Industrial Symbiosis and Energy Integration
15 SAFETY AND SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT
15.1 Green Chemistry Metrics and Sustainability Indicators
15.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Chemical Processes
15.3 Safety by Design Principles
15.4 Risk Assessment and Management in New Chemical Technologies
15.5 Environmental Impact Assessment
15.6 Social and Ethical Considerations in the New Era of Chemicals
16 REGULATIONS AND POLICY
16.1 Global Chemical Regulations and Their Evolution
16.2 Environmental Policies Driving Sustainable Chemistry
16.3 Incentives and Support Mechanisms for Green Chemistry
16.4 Challenges in Regulating Emerging Technologies
16.5 International Cooperation and Harmonization Efforts
17 MARKETS AND PRODUCTS
17.1 Sustainable Materials and Polymers
17.2 Sustainable Agriculture Chemicals
17.3 Sustainable Construction Materials
17.4 Sustainable Packaging
17.5 Green Cosmetics and Personal Care
17.6 Bio-based and Eco-Friendly Paints and Coatings
17.7 Green Electronics
17.8 Sustainable Textiles and Fibers
17.9 Alternative Fuels and Lubricants
17.10 Green Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare
17.11 Advanced Materials for 3D Printing
17.12 Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Design
17.13 Quantum Chemistry Applications
18 ECONOMIC ASPECTS AND BUSINESS MODELS
18.1 Cost Competitiveness of Sustainable Chemical Technologies
18.2 Investment Trends in Green Chemistry
18.3 New Business Models in the Circular Economy
18.4 Market Dynamics and Consumer Preferences
18.5 Intellectual Property Considerations
18.6 Case Studies
19 FUTURE OUTLOOK AND EMERGING TRENDS
19.1 Convergence of Bio, Nano, and Information Technologies
19.2 Quantum Computing in Chemical Research and Development
19.3 Space-based Manufacturing of Chemicals
19.4 Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar Fuels
19.5 Personalized and On-demand Chemical Manufacturing
19.6 The Role of Chemistry in Achieving Net-Zero Emissions
19.7 Circular Economy Solutions
19.8 Artificial Intelligence and Digitalization Impact
19.9 Quantum Chemistry Prospects
20 APPENDICES
20.1 Glossary of Terms
20.2 List of Abbreviations
20.3 Research Methodology
21 REFERENCES

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List of Tables/Graphs

List of Tables (470 tables) List of Figures FIGURE 1 CO2 emissions reduction pathway for the chemical sector. FIGURE 2 Water extraction methods for natural products. FIGURE 3 Circular economy model for the chemical industry. FIGURE 4 Schematic layout of a pyrolysis plant. FIGURE 5 Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline FIGURE 6 Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires. FIGURE 7 Used tires conversion process. FIGURE 8 Total syngas market by product in MM Nm3/h of Syngas. FIGURE 9 Overview of biogas utilization. FIGURE 10 Biogas and biomethane pathways. FIGURE 11 Products obtained through the different solvolysis pathways of PET, PU, and PA. FIGURE 12 Applications for CO2. FIGURE 13 Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector. FIGURE 14 Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services. FIGURE 15 CO2 utilization pathways and products. FIGURE 16 Plasma technology configurations and their advantages and disadvantages for CO2 conversion. FIGURE 17 Electrochemical CO2 reduction products. FIGURE 18 LanzaTech gas-fermentation process. FIGURE 19 Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels. FIGURE 20 Econic catalyst systems. FIGURE 21 Mineral carbonation processes. FIGURE 22 Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates. FIGURE 23 Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel. FIGURE 24 CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol. FIGURE 25 Schematic illustration of approaches for CO2 conversion. FIGURE 26 Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways. FIGURE 27 Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials FIGURE 28 Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials. FIGURE 29 Schematic of CCUS in cement sector. FIGURE 30 Carbon8 Systems' ACT process. FIGURE 31 CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process FIGURE 32 Algal cultivation in the desert. FIGURE 33 Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria. FIGURE 34 Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR. FIGURE 35 Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry. FIGURE 36 Carbon mineralization pathways. FIGURE 37 Cell-free and cell-based protein synthesis systems. FIGURE 38 The design-make-test-learn loop of generative biology. FIGURE 39 CRISPR/Cas9 & Targeted Genome Editing. FIGURE 40 Genetic Circuit-Assisted Smart Microbial Engineering. FIGURE 41 Microbial Chassis Development for Natural Product Biosynthesis. FIGURE 42 LanzaTech gas-fermentation process. FIGURE 43 Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels. FIGURE 44 Overview of biogas utilization. FIGURE 45 Biogas and biomethane pathways. FIGURE 46 Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production. FIGURE 47 BLOOM masterbatch from Algix. FIGURE 48 TRL of critical material extraction technologies. FIGURE 49 Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms. FIGURE 50 Bacterial nanocellulose shapes FIGURE 51 BLOOM masterbatch from Algix. FIGURE 52 Luum Temple, constructed from Bamboo. FIGURE 53 Typical structure of mycelium-based foam. FIGURE 54 Commercial mycelium composite construction materials. FIGURE 55 Self-healing concrete test study with cracked concrete (left) and self-healed concrete after 28 days (right). FIGURE 56 Self-healing bacteria crack filler for concrete. FIGURE 57 Self-healing bio concrete. FIGURE 58 Microalgae based biocement masonry bloc. FIGURE 59 Types of bio-based materials used for antimicrobial food packaging application. FIGURE 60 Water soluble packaging by Notpla. FIGURE 61 Examples of edible films in food packaging. FIGURE 62 Applications for CO2. FIGURE 63 Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services. FIGURE 64 Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials FIGURE 65 Schematic of production of powder coatings. FIGURE 66 Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms. FIGURE 67 Types of bio-based materials used for antimicrobial food packaging application. FIGURE 68 Vapor degreasing. FIGURE 69 Multi-layered PCB. FIGURE 70 3D printed PCB. FIGURE 71 In-mold electronics prototype devices and products. FIGURE 72 Typical structure of mycelium-based foam. FIGURE 73 Dell's Concept Luna laptop. FIGURE 74 Direct-write, precision dispensing, and 3D printing platform for 3D printed electronics. FIGURE 75 3D printed circuit boards from Nano Dimension. FIGURE 76 Photonic sintering. FIGURE 77 Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT). FIGURE 78 Material jetting 3d printing. FIGURE 79 Material jetting 3d printing product. FIGURE 80 The molecular mechanism of the shape memory effect under different stimuli. FIGURE 81 Supercooled Soldering Technology. FIGURE 82 Reflow soldering schematic. FIGURE 83 Schematic diagram of induction heating reflow. FIGURE 84 Fully-printed organic thin-film transistors and circuitry on one-micron-thick polymer films. FIGURE 85 Types of PCBs after dismantling waste computers and monitors. FIGURE 86 AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel. FIGURE 87 Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials. FIGURE 88 Typical structure of mycelium-based foam. FIGURE 89 Hermes bag made of MycoWorks' mycelium leather. FIGURE 90 Ganni blazer made from bacterial cellulose. FIGURE 91 Bou Bag by GANNI and Modern Synthesis. FIGURE 92 Regional production of biodiesel (billion litres). FIGURE 93 Flow chart for biodiesel production. FIGURE 94 Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre. FIGURE 95 Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year). FIGURE 96 Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year). FIGURE 97 Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2019-2035 (Million litres/year). FIGURE 98 Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks. FIGURE 99 Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading. FIGURE 100 Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation. FIGURE 101 Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process. FIGURE 102 Properties of petrol and biobutanol. FIGURE 103 Biobutanol production route. FIGURE 104 Biogas and biomethane pathways. FIGURE 105 Overview of biogas utilization. FIGURE 106 Biogas and biomethane pathways. FIGURE 107 Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production. FIGURE 108 Schematic overview of biomass gasification for biomethane production. FIGURE 109 Total syngas market by product in MM Nm3/h of Syngas, 2021. FIGURE 110 Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline FIGURE 111 Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires. FIGURE 112 Used tires conversion process. FIGURE 113 Total syngas market by product in MM Nm3/h of Syngas. FIGURE 114 Overview of biogas utilization. FIGURE 115 Biogas and biomethane pathways. FIGURE 116 Process steps in the production of electrofuels. FIGURE 117 Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics. FIGURE 118 Production process for green hydrogen. FIGURE 119 Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products. FIGURE 120 Resources required for liquid e-fuel production. FIGURE 121 Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels. FIGURE 122 Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production. FIGURE 123 Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production. FIGURE 124 Green ammonia production and use. FIGURE 125 Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction. FIGURE 126 Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation. FIGURE 127 Estimated production cost of green ammonia. FIGURE 128 Bio-oil upgrading/fractionation techniques.