Summary

The global green hydrogen market is navigating its most consequential transition since the sector's emergence: a structural shift from speculative ambition to selective commercial reality. After the investment surge of 2021-2022 and the brutal rationalisation of 2024-2025, the market in 2026 is defined by discipline rather than optimism - and by a sharp divergence between the applications and geographies that are genuinely working and those that have definitively failed.

Green hydrogen production crossed 1 million tonnes per year for the first time in 2025, up sixfold from 270,000 tonnes in 2021, with global installed electrolyser capacity surpassing 3 GW at mid-year. These are genuine milestones. But they sit alongside a 25% downward revision in the IEA's 2030 project pipeline (from 49 Mt to 37 Mt in a single year), a collapse of binding offtake agreements (only 1-5% of announced capacity), and manufacturer distress that has claimed Nikola Corporation (bankrupt, liquidated), Universal Hydrogen, Heliogen, and Green Hydrogen Systems, while placing Nel Hydrogen, Plug Power, McPhy Energy, and Fusion Fuel under severe financial pressure.

The policy environment has bifurcated catastrophically. The US eliminated the $3/kg Section 45V tax credit under the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, effectively closing the American market - Nel's $400M Michigan gigafactory was permanently cancelled, Plug Power abandoned its Antwerp facility in August 2026, and Air Products wrote off $3.1 billion on its Massena plant. Europe simultaneously strengthened its approach: the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism became financially operational in January 2026, adding approximately 0.85-1.10 EUR/kg to grey hydrogen import costs, while the EU Hydrogen Bank's second auction cleared at a record-low subsidy bid of 0.37 EUR/kg. China continues state-directed deployment, controlling 65% of global installed electrolyser capacity.

Recent months have produced the sector's most important commercial confirmations. NEOM's 2.2 GW green ammonia complex completed construction in August 2026 - the world's first infrastructure-scale green hydrogen project. RWE's Lingen 300 MW project delivered Europe's first commercial green hydrogen through 120 kilometres of pipeline to Evonik's Marl chemical park. The Siemens Energy electrolyser business is being spun out as Omterra - creating the best-capitalised Western PEM manufacturer. Hive Hydrogen selected Topsoe's SOEC technology for the $5.8 billion Coega project in South Africa, the first GW-scale SOEC commercial commitment. And Ballard Power Systems acquired GeoPura for £275 million, confirming the commercial value of hydrogen-as-a-service models.

The path forward is selective but confirmed: refining and industrial hydrogen replacement under binding EU mandates, maritime ammonia under IMO 2027 framework compliance, green steel in premium-buyer markets, and AI/data centre fuel cells as an emerging creditworthy offtake category.

The Global Green Hydrogen Market 2027-2037 is a definitive 521-page industry analysis of the green hydrogen sector. The report provides the most comprehensive current assessment of a market that has undergone structural rationalisation, with clear analysis of what has succeeded commercially and what has failed. The report covers the full green hydrogen value chain - from production economics and electrolyser technology through storage and transport infrastructure to end-use applications in refining, ammonia, steel, maritime fuel, and emerging data centre power.

Report contents include:

• Executive Summary - market overview, cancellation wave analysis, policy divergence (US collapse, EU mandates, China dominance), cost competitiveness, demand hierarchy, and 2027-2037 forecasts including application demand breakdown and infrastructure investment requirements
• Introduction and Hydrogen Classification - colour taxonomy, global energy context, hydrogen economy overview, production methods, and the current vs. projected supply mix
• Global Market Analysis - energy demand, cost competitiveness by region, industrial applications (refining, ammonia, steel, maritime, chemicals, aviation), electrolyser technology and manufacturing realities, carbon pricing mechanisms including full CBAM analysis, the offtake crisis quantification, technology maturity assessment, market map, global production data, demand forecasts to 2037, investment flow analysis, and market concentration
• Green Hydrogen Projects Table - status of all major global projects updated to September 2026, including operational (NEOM, Lingen, Normand'Hy, Petrobrazi), under construction (Stegra), development stage (Coega, HNH Chile, Saemangeum), and cancelled (Air Products Louisiana, HyDeal Ambition, Nel Michigan)
• Electrolyser Technologies - alkaline water electrolysis, PEM electrolysis, AEM electrolysis (including Power to Hydrogen Antwerp milestone), SOEC (Coega/Topsoe selection), novel technologies (E-TAC, natural hydrogen, PCE), balance of plant costs, manufacturing capacities, and global market revenues
• Hydrogen Storage and Transport - pipeline infrastructure, maritime shipping (ammonia vs. liquid hydrogen), compression and liquefaction, underground storage, and market players
• Hydrogen Utilisation - fuel cells (PEMFC, SOFC), fuel cell vehicles (light-duty collapse, heavy-duty uncertain future), aviation, ammonia production and maritime fuel, e-methanol economics, green steel (H-DRI economics, Stegra proof-of-concept, regional development), power and heat generation, maritime propulsion technologies, fuel cell trains, and AI/data centre applications
• Company Profiles - 170 companies across electrolyser manufacturers, project developers, industrial gas companies, storage and transport players, component suppliers, and end-use sector companies
• Appendix - research methodology, and references

Companies profiled include: ABO Wind/ABO Energy, Adani Green Energy, Advanced Ionics, Aemetis Inc., Agfa-Gevaert NV, Air Products and Chemicals, Aker Horizons ASA, Alchemr Inc., Alleima, Alleo Energy, Arcadia eFuels, AREVA H2Gen, Asahi Kasei, Atmonia, Atome, Avantium, AvCarb, Avoxt B.V., BASF, Battolyser Systems, Blastr Green Steel, Bloom Energy, Boson Energy, BP, Brineworks, Caplyzer, Carbon280, Carbon Sink LLC, Cavendish Renewable Technology, CellMo, Ceres Power Holdings, Chevron Corporation, CHARBONE Hydrogen, Chiyoda Corporation, Cockerill Jingli Hydrogen, Convion, Cummins Inc., C-Zero, Cipher Neutron, De Nora, Dimensional Energy, Domsjo Fabriker AB, Dynelectro ApS, Elcogen AS, Electric Hydrogen, elementarhy, Elogen H2, Enapter, Energy B, ENEOS Corporation, Equatic, and more.

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Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 Market Overview: A Sector in Transition
1.2 The Reality Check: Project Cancellations and Market Consolidation
1.3 Policy and Regulatory Landscape: Diverging Trajectories
1.4 Market Economics: The Cost Competitiveness Challenge
1.5 Demand Picture: Industrial Applications Lead, New Markets Struggle
1.6 Regional Market Dynamics: Import-Export Imbalances Emerging
1.7 Market Forecast 2027-2037
1.8 Electrolyzer Technology and Manufacturing
1.9 Investment Outlook
1.10 Critical Challenges Facing the Sector
1.11 Outlook
2 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Hydrogen classification
2.2 Global energy demand and consumption
2.3 The hydrogen economy and production
2.4 Removing CO2 emissions from hydrogen production
2.5 The Economics of Green Hydrogen
2.6 Hydrogen value chain
2.7 National hydrogen initiatives, policy and regulation
2.8 Hydrogen certification
2.9 Carbon pricing
2.10 Market challenges
2.11 Industry developments 2020-2026
2.12 Market map
2.13 Global hydrogen production
2.14 Global hydrogen demand forecasts
3 GREEN HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
3.1 Overview
3.2 Green hydrogen projects
3.3 Motivation for use
3.4 Decarbonization
3.5 Comparative analysis
3.6 Role in energy transition
3.7 Renewable energy sources
3.8 SWOT analysis
4 ELECTROLYZER TECHNOLOGIES
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Main types
4.3 Technology Selection Decision Factors
4.4 Balance of Plant
4.5 Characteristics
4.6 Advantages and disadvantages
4.7 Electrolyzer market
4.8 Alkaline water electrolyzers (AWE)
4.9 Anion exchange membrane electrolyzers (AEMEL)
4.10 Proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEMEL)
4.11 Solid oxide water electrolyzers (SOEC)
4.12 Other electrolyzer types
4.13 Costs
4.14 Water and land use for green hydrogen production
4.15 Electrolyzer manufacturing capacities
4.16 Global Market Revenues
5 HYDROGEN STORAGE AND TRANSPORT
5.1 Market overview
5.2 Hydrogen transport methods
5.3 Hydrogen compression, liquefaction, storage
5.4 Market players
6 HYDROGEN UTILIZATION
6.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cells
6.2 Alternative fuel production
6.3 Hydrogen Vehicles
6.4 Aviation
6.5 Ammonia production
6.6 Methanol production
6.7 Steelmaking
6.8 Power & heat generation
6.9 Maritime
6.10 Fuel cell trains
6.11 AI and Data Centers
7 COMPANY PROFILES (170 company profiles)
8 APPENDIX
8.1 Research Methodology
9 REFERENCES

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List of Tables/Graphs

List of Tables TABLE 1 Green hydrogen demand 2027-2037. TABLE 2 Infrastructure Investment Requirements (2025-2037) TABLE 3 Electrolyzer Technology System prices (2026 benchmarks and trajectory to 2037): TABLE 4 Hydrogen colour shades, Technology, cost, and CO2 emissions. TABLE 5 Current and projected hydrogen demand by application (2025, 2030, 2037) TABLE 6 Overview of hydrogen production methods. TABLE 7 Current Cost Reality (2025-2026) TABLE 8 2025-2026 Installation Cost Breakdown (non-China) TABLE 9 Economic reality Green Steel TABLE 10 Cost trajectory (ammonia maritime fuel, 2025-2037) TABLE 11 Cost Competitiveness Timeline TABLE 12 Electrolyzer Manufacturing Overcapacity (2025-2026) TABLE 13 Electrolyzer Manufacturer viability assessment TABLE 14 Current commercial specifications (2025-2026) Alkaline Water Electrolyzers TABLE 15 AWE cost trajectory TABLE 16 PEM technology specifications (confirmed commercial systems) TABLE 17 PEM Cost trajectory revised (2026-2037) TABLE 18 Major PEM projects operational or under construction (2025-2026) TABLE 19 SOEC technology specifications (2026 commercial and demonstration systems) TABLE 20 The economic case against SOEC through 2026 TABLE 21 AEM electrolysers 2025-2026 status TABLE 22 AEM timeline TABLE 23 Production Cost Reality by Region (2025-2026, updated) TABLE 24 Pipelines - the cheapest large-scale transport option TABLE 25 Maritime Shipping - ammonia confirmed, liquid hydrogen niche TABLE 26 Transport cost comparison (2025-2026) TABLE 27 Infrastructure Investment Requirements TABLE 28 Hydrogen Storage Methods TABLE 29 Utilisation summary table (2025-2037): TABLE 30 National Hydrogen Strategy Assessment TABLE 31 Carbon price required for green H2 to reach cost parity with grey (no other support) TABLE 32 European Union ETS TABLE 33 Carbon Pricing Systems and Green Hydrogen Impact TABLE 34 Policy model comparison TABLE 35 EU Carbon Pricing Trajectory and Green Hydrogen Gap Closure (Updated, Extended to 2037) TABLE 36 Realistic Scenario (Current Policies Maintained - Base Case, 50-60% probability) TABLE 37 Market challenges in the hydrogen economy and production technologies. TABLE 38 Challenge Resolution Pathways and Requirements TABLE 39 Market Challenges by Stakeholder Impact TABLE 40 Challenge Severity by Application Sector TABLE 41 Regional offtake security comparison TABLE 42 Solutions working vs. failing TABLE 43 Investment Required vs. Committed TABLE 44 Cost Gap Evolution and Projections TABLE 45 Technology Readiness vs. Market Requirements (Updated September 2026) TABLE 46 Green hydrogen industry developments 2020-2026. TABLE 47 Market map for hydrogen technology and production. TABLE 48 Global Hydrogen Production Overview TABLE 49 Industrial applications of hydrogen. TABLE 50 Hydrogen energy markets and applications. TABLE 51 Global Hydrogen Production Overview TABLE 52 Global Hydrogen Production by Method and Region TABLE 53 Green Hydrogen Production Capacity - Top Projects TABLE 54 Cancelled Major Green Hydrogen Projects TABLE 55 Hydrogen production processes and stage of development. TABLE 56 Hydrogen Production Methods - Technical and Economic Comparison (2024) TABLE 57 Regional Production Method Mix (2024) TABLE 58 Electrolyzer Capacity - Installed vs. Under Construction vs. Announced TABLE 59 Production Cost Drivers by Method (2024) TABLE 60 Green Hydrogen Production Cost by Region (2025-2026) TABLE 61 Comprehensive Production Cost Comparison (2025 actuals vs. 2030 and 2037 projections) TABLE 62 Total Hydrogen Demand Projections - All Production Methods (2025-2037) TABLE 63 Low-Emissions Hydrogen (Green + Blue) Demand and Market Share (2025-2037) TABLE 64 Hydrogen Demand by End-Use Application (2025 actuals vs. 2030 / 2033 / 2037 projections) TABLE 65 Green Hydrogen Demand by Application (2025, 2030, 2033, 2037) TABLE 66 Regional Hydrogen Demand Projections (2025, 2030, 2036, 2037) TABLE 67 Major Import-Export Trade Flows (2033 and 2037 Projections) TABLE 68 Infrastructure requirements TABLE 69 Demand Drivers vs. Constraints (Relative Impact Assessment) TABLE 70 Total Hydrogen Market Revenue by Production Method (2025-2037) TABLE 71 Electrolyser Equipment Market Revenue and Capacity Deployment (2025-2037) TABLE 72 Cumulative Infrastructure Investment Requirements (2025-2037) TABLE 73 Green Hydrogen Market Revenue by Application (2025-2037, US$B) TABLE 74 Annual Investment Flow Analysis (2025-2037) TABLE 75 Investment Distribution by Geography (% of total, 2025-2037) TABLE 76 Electrolyser Manufacturing - Rapid Consolidation TABLE 77 Project developer concentration TABLE 78 Green hydrogen application markets. TABLE 79 Major Green Hydrogen Projects - Global Status (September 2026) TABLE 80 Green Hydrogen 2026 Market Status Update TABLE 81 Traditional Hydrogen Production. TABLE 82 Hydrogen Production Processes. TABLE 83 Comparison of hydrogen types. TABLE 84 Alkaline Electrolyser Performance Evolution (2020 to 2025 to 2030 to 2037) TABLE 85 Comparative performance update (2026 commercial systems) TABLE 86 Leading Electrolyser Manufacturers - Global Competitive Landscape (September 2026) TABLE 87 Global manufacturing capacity summary TABLE 88 Electrolyser Capacity - Installed vs. Under Construction vs. Announced TABLE 89 US DOE Technical Targets vs. Current Performance by Electrolyser Technology (2025 actuals vs. DOE 2026 targets) TABLE 90 Alkaline Electrolyzer Architecture Comparison TABLE 91 Alkaline Electrolyzer Cost Breakdown (2024 vs. 2036 Projection) TABLE 92 Alkaline Technology Roadmap TABLE 93 Alkaline Market Share Evolution by Application TABLE 94 Electrolyser Manufacturing Capacity by Company TABLE 95 Electrolyzer Technology Comparison - Technical and Commercial Status (2024) TABLE 96 Technology Selection by Application Type (2024-2025 Market Patterns) TABLE 97 BoP Cost Breakdown by Component (% of Total Installed System Cost, 2025-2026) TABLE 98 Characteristics of typical water electrolysis technologies TABLE 99 Advantages and disadvantages of water electrolysis technologies. TABLE 100 Global Electrolyser Market Evolution (2020-2025 Actual, 2026-2037 Projections) TABLE 101 Manufacturer Viability Assessment TABLE 102 Cost Reality vs. Projections Table (2022 Forecast to 2025 Actual to 2030 and 2037 Revised) TABLE 103 Manufacturing gigafactory status TABLE 104 Market Opportunity Scenarios (2025-2037 Cumulative) TABLE 105 Regional deployment outlook (2025-2037 cumulative, base case): TABLE 106 Cumulative electrolyser revenue decomposition (2025-2037, base case) TABLE 107 Classifications of Alkaline Electrolyzers. TABLE 108 Advantages & limitations of AWE. TABLE 109 Key performance characteristics of AWE. TABLE 110 Updated cost trajectory (2025-2037) TABLE 111 AWE LCOH by Region (2025-2026 Actual, 2030 and 2037 Projections) TABLE 112 LCOH component breakdown TABLE 113 Detailed AWE System Cost Breakdown - Chinese vs. Western Manufacturers TABLE 114 Major AWE Manufacturers TABLE 115 AEM Performance - Laboratory vs. Demonstration vs. Commercial Targets TABLE 116 Updated AEM commercial timeline (revised September 2026) TABLE 117 Updated AEM cost benchmarks (2026): TABLE 118 Comparison of Commercial AEM Materials. TABLE 119 AEM Electrolyser Cost Structure - Current (2025-2026) vs. Projected Commercial (2030-2037) TABLE 120 Performance vs. competitive technologies TABLE 121 AEM Competitive Positioning vs. Established Technologies TABLE 122 Companies in the AMEL market. TABLE 123 Iridium Supply Constraint vs. PEM Electrolyzer Scaling Requirements TABLE 124 Revised iridium cost trajectory TABLE 125 PEM Electrolyser Cost Breakdown - 2025-2026 Actual vs. 2030 and 2037 Projections TABLE 126 PEM Cost Reduction Pathways - Feasibility and Impact Assessment TABLE 127 Companies in the PEMEL market. TABLE 128 SOEC Performance - Theoretical vs. Pilot Demonstration vs. Commercial Requirements TABLE 129 LCOH Comparison - SOEC vs. Alkaline in Best-Case SOEC Applications TABLE 130 SOEC System Cost Breakdown - 2025-2026 Actual vs. 2032-2037 Projections TABLE 131 SOEC LCOH TABLE 132 SOEC LCOH Scenarios - Best Case to Worst Case TABLE 133 Why SOEC Failed - Summary Assessment: TABLE 134 Companies in the SOEC market. TABLE 135 Other types of electrolyzer technologies TABLE 136 Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Technologies TABLE 137 Cost Comparison of CO2 Electrochemical Technologies. TABLE 138 Direct Seawater vs. Desalinated Water Electrolysis Comparison TABLE 139 PEC vs. PV+Electrolysis Pathway Comparison TABLE 140 Companies developing other electrolyzer technologies. TABLE 141 Electrolyser Technology Cost Comparison - All Technologies (2026 Actual vs. 2030 and 2037 Projections) TABLE 142 Water Requirements for Green Hydrogen Production TABLE 143 Land Footprint for Green Hydrogen Production (Renewable Energy + Electrolyzer) TABLE 144 Global Electrolyser Manufacturing Capacity - Current (2026) vs. Projected (2030, 2033, 2037) TABLE 145 Key manufacturing developments 2025-2026 TABLE 146 Global Electrolyser Equipment Market Size - 2018 to 2037 (US$ Billions) TABLE 147 Revenue by technology (2025-2037 cumulative, base case): TABLE 148 Hydrogen Infrastructure Investment Requirements vs. Commitments (2024-2036) TABLE 149 Hydrogen Transport Methods - Comprehensive Comparison TABLE 150 Existing and Planned Hydrogen Pipeline Infrastructure (2024-2036) TABLE 151 Natural Gas Pipeline Repurposing Challenges and Reality TABLE 152 Hydrogen Pipeline Economics - Representative 500 km Regional Project TABLE 153 Road/Rail Transport Economics TABLE 154 Ammonia vs. Liquid H2 Shipping - Comprehensive Comparison TABLE 155 Ammonia Shipping Value Chain - Investment and Development Status (2024-2036) TABLE 156 Ammonia Cracking Facility Economics TABLE 157 Hydrogen Storage Technologies - Comprehensive Comparison (2024) TABLE 158 Salt Cavern Hydrogen Storage Economics and Availability TABLE 159 Regional Salt Cavern Storage Availability and Implications TABLE 160 Depleted Gas Fields and Aquifers - Uncertain Potential TABLE 161 Industrial Gas Companies - Infrastructure Positions (Updated September 2026) TABLE 162 Pipeline Infrastructure Developers TABLE 163 Ammonia Shipping, Bunkering and Terminals TABLE 164 Storage Technology Providers TABLE 165 Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure TABLE 166 PEMFC market segmentation TABLE 167 Categories and examples of solid biofuel. TABLE 168 Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity. TABLE 169 Classification of biomass feedstock. TABLE 170 Biorefinery feedstocks. TABLE 171 Feedstock conversion pathways. TABLE 172 Biodiesel production techniques. TABLE 173 Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel TABLE 174 Production pathways for bio-jet fuel. TABLE 175 Applications of e-fuels, by type. TABLE 176 Overview of e-fuels. TABLE 177 Benefits of e-fuels. TABLE 178 eFuel production facilities, current and planned. TABLE 179 FCEV vs. BEV Competitive Position TABLE 180 FCEV Manufacturer Status TABLE 181 Hydrogen Refuelling Station Status by Region TABLE 182 Heavy-duty truck competition TABLE 183 Manufacturer status TABLE 184 Global ammonia production by region and source TABLE 185 Green Ammonia Demand Drivers and Market Segments (2025-2037) TABLE 186 Maritime ammonia development timeline TABLE 187 Green Ammonia Production Cost by Region (2025-2026 Actual vs. 2030 and 2037 Projections) TABLE 188 Cost breakdown (representative: MENA, 2025-2026) TABLE 189 Blue ammonia projects. TABLE 190 Ammonia fuel cell technologies. TABLE 191 Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel. TABLE 192 Summary of marine alternative fuels. TABLE 193 Estimated costs for different types of ammonia. TABLE 194 Global methanol market (2025-2026) TABLE 195 E-methanol applications TABLE 196 E-Methanol Production Costs (2025-2026 Actual vs. 2030 and 2037 Projections) TABLE 197 Cost breakdown (representative: MENA, 2025-2026) TABLE 198 Maritime methanol vs. ammonia TABLE 199 Maritime Fuel Competition - Methanol vs. Ammonia TABLE 200 Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas. TABLE 201 Global Steel Production by Method and Decarbonization Potential TABLE 202 Steel Production Cost Comparison - BF-BOF vs. H-DRI + EAF TABLE 203 Green Steel Projects and Capacity by Region TABLE 204 Leading green steel projects TABLE 205 Steelmaking Technology Comparison TABLE 206 H-DRI Process Parameters and Requirements TABLE 207 Green Steel Customer Segments and Premium Acceptance TABLE 208 Green steel demand projections TABLE 209 Hydrogen vs. Competing Technologies for Power Generation TABLE 210 Hydrogen Power Generation Technologies TABLE 211 Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) - Hydrogen vs. Alternatives TABLE 212 Heating Technology Comparison - Hydrogen vs. Alternatives TABLE 213 Maritime Fuel Consumption and Decarbonization Pathways TABLE 214 IMO GHG Regulations and Impact TABLE 215 Ammonia vs. Methanol - Detailed Maritime Fuel Comparison TABLE 216 Maritime Ammonia Value Chain Investment Needs TABLE 217 Ammonia Propulsion Technologies for Maritime TABLE 218 Rail Electrification Alternatives - Hydrogen vs. Competition TABLE 219 Hydrogen Train Projects List of Figures FIGURE 1 Hydrogen value chain. FIGURE 2 Principle of a PEM electrolyser. FIGURE 3 Power-to-gas concept. FIGURE 4 Schematic of a fuel cell stack. FIGURE 5 High pressure electrolyser - 1 MW. FIGURE 6 SWOT analysis: green hydrogen. FIGURE 7 Types of electrolysis technologies. FIGURE 8 Typical Balance of Plant including Gas processing. FIGURE 9 Schematic of alkaline water electrolysis working principle. FIGURE 10 Alkaline water electrolyzer. FIGURE 11 Typical system design and balance of plant for an AEM electrolyser. FIGURE 12 Schematic of PEM water electrolysis working principle. FIGURE 13 Typical system design and balance of plant for a PEM electrolyser. FIGURE 14 Schematic of solid oxide water electrolysis working principle. FIGURE 15 Typical system design and balance of plant for a solid oxide electrolyser. FIGURE 16 Process steps in the production of electrofuels. FIGURE 17 Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics. FIGURE 18 Production process for green hydrogen. FIGURE 19 E-liquids production routes. FIGURE 20 Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products. FIGURE 21 Resources required for liquid e-fuel production. FIGURE 22 Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels. FIGURE 23 Cost breakdown for e-fuels. FIGURE 24 Hydrogen fuel cell powered EV. FIGURE 25 Green ammonia production and use. FIGURE 26 Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production. FIGURE 27 Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction. FIGURE 28 Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation. FIGURE 29 Estimated production cost of green ammonia. FIGURE 30 Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks. FIGURE 31 Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading. FIGURE 32 Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation. FIGURE 33 Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process. FIGURE 34 Transition to hydrogen-based production. FIGURE 35 Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) process. FIGURE 36 Three Gorges Hydrogen Boat No. 1. FIGURE 37 PESA hydrogen-powered shunting locomotive. FIGURE 38 Symbiotic technology process. FIGURE 39 Alchemr AEM electrolyzer cell. FIGURE 40 Domsjo process. FIGURE 41 EL 2.1 AEM Electrolyser. FIGURE 42 Enapter - Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) Water Electrolysis. FIGURE 43 Direct MCH process. FIGURE 44 FuelPositive system. FIGURE 45 Left: a typical single-stage electrolyzer design, with a membrane separating the hydrogen and oxygen gasses. Right: the two-stage E-TAC process. FIGURE 46 Hystar PEM electrolyser. FIGURE 47 OCOchem's Carbon Flux Electrolyzer. FIGURE 48 CO2 hydrogenation to jet fuel range hydrocarbons process. FIGURE 49 The Plagazi process. FIGURE 50 Sunfire process for Blue Crude production. FIGURE 51 O12 Reactor. FIGURE 52 Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials. FIGURE 53 CO2 made car part.