 2026年～2036年の世界のバイオプラスチック市場The Global Bioplastics Market 2026-2036 2026年の世界のバイオプラスチック市場は、環境上の必要性と技術革新の交差点に位置しています。従来のプラスチック生産が拡大し続ける中、再生可能な代替素材を見つけるべきという圧力により、かつてはニ... もっと見る
サマリー 2026年の世界のバイオプラスチック市場は、環境上の必要性と技術革新の交差点に位置しています。従来のプラスチック生産が拡大し続ける中、再生可能な代替素材を見つけるべきという圧力により、かつてはニッチな分野だったものが、今や産業からの本格的な投資を集める分野へと変貌を遂げています。 バイオベースポリマーは依然としてポリマー総生産量に占める割合は小さいものの、そのシェアは着実に拡大しており、2036年にかけてプラスチック市場全体を大きく上回るペースで成長を続けると予想されています。 その背景には、規制の強化、公的資金による支援、そして主要ブランドによる導入が進み、サステナビリティへの取り組みが安定的かつ長期的な需要へと転換していることに加え、この分野がニッチな用途から主流への採用へと移行するにつれて、ポリマーの性能とコスト競争力が着実に向上していることが挙げられます。 バイオプラスチックは、環境上の必要性と技術革新の交差点に位置している。従来のプラスチック生産が拡大し続ける中、再生可能な代替素材を見つけるという圧力により、かつてはニッチだった分野が、今や本格的な産業投資を集める分野へと変貌を遂げている。 バイオベースポリマーは依然としてポリマー総生産量に占める割合は小さいものの、そのシェアは着実に拡大しており、2036年にかけてプラスチック市場全体を大きく上回るペースで成長し続けると予想される。本報告書は、これをニッチな用途から主流への移行と位置づけ、原料開発から完成品に至るバリューチェーン全体にわたり、複数の参入ポイントが存在すると指摘している。 市場は大きく2つのカテゴリーに分類される。バイオベースの非生分解性ポリマー（生産量ではエポキシ樹脂とポリウレタンが主導）は、主に従来のプラスチックのドロップイン代替品として機能し、安定的かつ確立された需要の恩恵を受けている。 対照的に、バイオ由来の生分解性ポリマーは、使用済み時の特性が評価されており、中でもポリヒドロキシアルカノエート（PHA）は、海洋生分解性の実績と堆肥化可能な包装用途の拡大を背景に、際立った成長を見せている。 ポリ乳酸（PLA）は、アジアおよびヨーロッパでの事業拡大を通じて規模を拡大し続けており、一方、ポリエチレンフラノエート（PEF）やバイオ由来ポリプロピレンなどの新しい素材は、パイロット段階から商業規模へと移行しつつある。 原料としては、バイオディーゼル生産の副産物であるグリセロールが主流であり、高収量作物由来の糖やデンプン、さらに非食用植物油やセルロースも利用されています。この多様性により、業界の土地利用フットプリントは極めて小さく抑えられており、バイオプラスチックが食糧生産と競合するという度重なる懸念を払拭しています。 今後、廃棄物からポリマーを製造する手法や藻類由来の原料が、コスト競争力を高めつつ、資源制約をさらに緩和すると期待されている。 現在の用途は繊維、包装、機能性用途に集中しているが、本報告書では、性能特性の向上と規制当局の承認が相次ぐにつれ、2036年までに自動車部品、電子機器の筐体、医療用途が大幅に大きなシェアを占めるようになると予測している。 この見通しを支える構造的な要因として、使い捨てプラスチック禁止、炭素価格設定、再生素材含有率の義務化など、規制の強化、公的資金による支援、そして持続可能性への取り組みを安定的かつ長期的な調達へと転換する主要ブランドによる導入が挙げられる。 主な逆風としては、化石由来プラスチックに比べて高い生産コスト（年々縮小傾向にあるものの）に加え、生産規模の拡大やインフラの制約、そしてリサイクルシステムへのバイオプラスチックの統合が依然として不十分であることが挙げられる。 本レポートの全体的な見解としては、これらの障壁は同時に機会でもあり、再生可能素材への移行がますます不可逆的なものとなるにつれ、このセクターは2036年にかけて魅力的なリスク調整後の見通しを提供するとされています。 レポートの内容は以下の通りです：
Summary
The global bioplastics market in 2026 sits at the intersection of environmental necessity and technological innovation. As conventional plastic production continues to grow, the pressure to find renewable alternatives has turned what was once a niche into a sector attracting serious industrial investment. Bio-based polymers still account for only a small share of total polymer production, but that share is expanding steadily and is expected to keep growing well ahead of the wider plastics market through to 2036. Underpinning this are intensifying regulation, public funding support, and corporate adoption by major brands converting sustainability commitments into stable, long-term demand, alongside steady gains in polymer performance and cost competitiveness as the sector moves from niche applications toward mainstream adoption.
Bioplastics sit at the intersection of environmental necessity and technological innovation. As conventional plastic production continues to grow, the pressure to find renewable alternatives has turned what was once a niche into a sector attracting serious industrial investment. Bio-based polymers still account for only a small share of total polymer production, but that share is expanding steadily and is expected to keep growing well ahead of the wider plastics market through to 2036. The report frames this as a transition from niche applications toward mainstream adoption, with multiple entry points across the value chain from feedstock development to finished products.
The market divides into two broad families. Bio-based non-biodegradable polymers — led in absolute volume by epoxy resins and polyurethanes — function largely as drop-in replacements for conventional plastics and benefit from consistent, established demand. Bio-based biodegradable polymers, by contrast, are valued for their end-of-life properties, with polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) the standout growth story on the strength of marine-biodegradability credentials and expanding compostable-packaging applications. Polylactic acid (PLA) continues to scale through Asian and European expansions, while newer materials such as polyethylene furanoate (PEF) and bio-based polypropylene are moving from pilot toward commercial scale.
Feedstocks are dominated by glycerol — a by-product of biodiesel production — alongside sugars and starch from high-yield crops, plus non-edible plant oils and cellulose. This diversity keeps the industry's land-use footprint very small, undercutting the recurring concern that bioplastics compete with food production. Looking ahead, waste-to-polymer routes and algae-based feedstocks are expected to ease resource constraints further while improving cost competitiveness.
Applications today concentrate in fibres, packaging and functional uses, but the report expects automotive components, electronics housings and medical applications to take a materially larger share by 2036 as performance characteristics improve and regulatory approvals accumulate. Several structural forces underpin this outlook: intensifying regulation, including single-use plastic bans, carbon pricing and recycled-content mandates; public funding support; and corporate adoption by major brands converting sustainability commitments into stable, long-term procurement.
The principal headwinds remain a production-cost premium over fossil plastics — narrowing year on year — together with scale-up and infrastructure constraints and the still-underdeveloped integration of bioplastics into recycling systems. The report's overall judgement is that these obstacles also represent opportunities, and that the sector offers compelling risk-adjusted prospects through 2036 as the transition toward renewable materials becomes increasingly irreversible.
Report contents include:
Table of Contents
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 36
1.1 What are bioplastics? 37
1.2 Global Plastics Market and Supply 37
1.3 Recycling Polymers 38
1.4 Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers 38
1.5 Bio-based Content Across the Full Polymer Market 40
1.6 Regional Distribution 41
1.7 Bio-based Building Blocks Market Overview 42
1.8 Next Generation Bio-based Polymers 44
1.9 Integration with Chemical Recycling 45
1.10 Novel Feedstock Sources 46
1.11 Turning Waste into Bioplastics 48
1.12 Bio-based Polymer Production Shares and Bio-based Content: 2025 49
1.13 Global Bioplastics Capacity 50
1.13.1 Production capacities 2025 50
1.13.2 Production capacities forecast 2025-2036 51
1.13.3 Production capacities by region 2024-2036 52
1.14 Global Market Forecasts 53
1.15 Environmental Impact and Sustainability 55
1.15.1 Plastics carbon footprint 55
1.15.2 Bioplastics carbon footprint 55
1.15.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Bioplastics 57
1.15.4 Use of renewables in production 57
1.15.5 Land Use and Feedstock Sustainability 58
1.15.6 Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternatives 59
1.16 Bio-composites 60
1.16.1 Sustainable packaging 60
1.16.2 Enhanced biodegradation of bio-based polymers 61
1.16.3 Bio-composite manufacturing 62
1.16.4 Sustainability and Environmental Performance of Bio-based Polymers 63
2 INTRODUCTION 64
2.1 The Biodegradability and Bio-based Independence Principle 64
2.2 Types of bioplastics 64
2.2.1 Introduction 65
2.2.2 Polymer Types 65
2.2.2.1 Transition from fossil-based to bio-based polymers 66
2.2.2.2 Monosaccharides 67
2.2.2.3 Vegetable Oils 68
2.2.3 Bio-based monomers 68
2.2.3.1 Portfolio of available monomers 69
2.2.3.2 Emerging Monomer Technologies 70
2.2.4 The Green Premium 70
2.2.5 Market Pathway Classification: Drop-in, Smart Drop-in and Dedicated Bio-based Polymers 71
2.3 Feedstocks 72
2.3.1 Types 72
2.3.2 Prices 74
2.3.3 Alternative feedstocks for bioplastics 74
2.3.4 Food security, land use, and water resources 75
2.4 Chain of custody 76
2.5 Chemical tracers and markers 77
2.6 Bioplastics regulations 78
2.6.1 Overview 78
2.6.2 The UN Global Plastics Treaty 81
2.6.3 Extended producer responsibility (EPR) 81
2.6.4 United States 82
2.6.5 Europe 83
2.6.5.1 EU Bioeconomy Strategy November 2025 84
2.6.6 Asia-Pacific 85
2.6.7 Recycled-content mandates and material bans 86
3 BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCKS AND INTERMEDIATES MARKET 87
3.1 Biorefineries 87
3.2 Feedstock and Land Use 87
3.3 Plant-based Feedstocks 88
3.3.1 Starch 88
3.3.2 Glucose-platform intermediates 89
3.3.3 Sugar crops and the furan platform 90
3.3.4 Lignocellulosic biomass 90
3.3.5 Plant oils 91
3.3.6 Other plant-based feedstocks 91
3.4 Waste Feedstocks 91
3.5 Microbial and Mineral Sources 91
3.6 Gaseous Feedstocks 92
4 BIO-BASED POLYMERS 92
4.1 BIO-BASED OR RENEWABLE PLASTICS 92
4.1.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics 92
4.1.2 Novel bio-based plastics 93
4.2 BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS 94
4.2.1 Biodegradability 94
4.2.2 Compostability 95
4.3 TYPES 96
4.4 KEY MARKET PLAYERS 97
4.5 SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS 98
4.5.1 Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear 99
4.5.1.1 Market analysis 99
4.5.1.2 Production 99
4.5.1.3 Applications 100
4.5.1.4 Producers 101
4.5.2 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 101
4.5.2.1 What is polylactic acid? 101
4.5.2.2 Market analysis 101
4.5.2.3 Applications 102
4.5.2.4 Production 103
4.5.2.5 Biomanufacturing of lactic acid (C3H6O3) 103
4.5.2.6 Bacterial fermentation 104
4.5.2.6.1 Lactic acid 105
4.5.2.6.2 Selection of optimal bacterial strains 105
4.5.2.6.3 Downstream processing of fermentation broth into PLA-grade lactic acid 106
4.5.2.7 PLA hydrolysis 108
4.5.2.8 Ocean degradation 108
4.5.2.9 PLA end-of-life 109
4.5.2.10 Producers and production capacities, current and planned 110
4.5.2.10.1 Lactic acid producers and production capacities 110
4.5.2.10.2 PLA producers and production capacities 110
4.5.2.10.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 111
4.5.2.10.4 PLA Production by region 2019–2036 112
4.5.3 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) 113
4.5.3.1 Market analysis 113
4.5.3.2 Bio-based MEG and PET 114
4.5.3.2.1 Monomer production 114
4.5.3.2.2 Applications 115
4.5.3.3 Producers and production capacities 115
4.5.3.4 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 116
4.5.4 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT) 117
4.5.4.1 Market analysis 117
4.5.4.2 Producers and production capacities 117
4.5.4.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 118
4.5.4.4 PTT Production by region 2019–2036 119
4.5.5 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) 119
4.5.5.1 Market analysis 120
4.5.5.2 Comparative properties to PET 120
4.5.5.3 Commercial status 121
4.5.5.4 Producers and production capacities 121
4.5.5.4.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities 121
4.5.5.4.2 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 122
4.5.6 Polyamides (Bio-PA) 123
4.5.6.1 Market analysis 123
4.5.6.2 Producers and production capacities 124
4.5.6.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 125
4.5.6.4 Bio-PA Production by region 2019–2036 126
4.5.7 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) 126
4.5.7.1 Market analysis 126
4.5.7.2 Producers and production capacities 127
4.5.7.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 128
4.5.7.4 PBAT Production by region 2019–2036 129
4.5.8 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers 129
4.5.8.1 Market analysis 130
4.5.8.2 Producers and production capacities 130
4.5.8.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 131
4.5.8.4 PBS Production by region 2019–2036 132
4.5.9 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) 132
4.5.9.1 Market analysis 132
4.5.9.2 Producers and production capacities 133
4.5.9.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 134
4.5.9.4 Bio-PE Production by region 2019–2036 134
4.5.10 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) 135
4.5.10.1 Market analysis 135
4.5.10.2 Producers and production capacities 136
4.5.10.3 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 136
4.5.10.4 Bio-PP Production by region 2019–2036 137
4.5.11 Superabsorbent polymers 138
4.5.11.1 Market analysis 138
4.5.11.2 Production 139
4.5.11.3 Applications 140
4.5.11.4 Producers 141
4.5.12 Polytrimethylene Furandicarboxylate (PTF) 141
4.5.12.1 Market Analysis 141
4.5.12.2 Production 142
4.5.12.3 Applications 142
4.5.12.4 Producers and Production Capacities 142
4.5.12.5 PTF Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 142
4.5.13 Bio-based Polybutylene Terephthalate (Bio-PBT) 143
4.5.13.1 Market Analysis 143
4.5.13.2 Production 144
4.5.13.3 Applications 144
4.5.13.4 Producers and Production Capacities 144
4.5.13.5 Bio-PBT Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 145
4.5.14 Polyfurfuryl Alcohol (PFA) 145
4.5.14.1 Market Analysis 145
4.5.14.2 Production 146
4.5.14.3 Applications 146
4.5.14.4 Producers and Production Capacities 146
4.5.14.5 PFA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 147
4.5.15 Bio-based Polyvinyl Chloride (Bio-PVC) 148
4.5.15.1 Market Analysis 148
4.5.15.2 Production 148
4.5.15.3 Applications 148
4.5.15.4 Producers and Production Capacities 148
4.5.15.5 Bio-PVC Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 149
4.5.16 Bio-based Polymethyl Methacrylate (Bio-PMMA) 150
4.5.16.1 Market Analysis 150
4.5.16.2 Production 150
4.5.16.3 Applications 150
4.5.16.4 Producers and Production Capacities 150
4.5.16.5 Bio-PMMA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 151
4.5.17 Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR) 152
4.5.17.1 Market Analysis 152
4.5.17.2 Production 152
4.5.17.3 Applications 152
4.5.17.4 Producers and Production Capacities 152
4.5.17.5 Bio-SBR Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 153
4.5.18 Epoxy resins (bio-based content) 153
4.5.18.1 Market Analysis 153
4.5.18.2 Producers and Production Capacities 154
4.5.18.3 Epoxy resins (bio fraction) production 2019–2036 154
4.5.18.4 Epoxy resins Production by region 2019–2036 155
4.5.19 Polyurethanes (PUR, bio-based content) 155
4.5.19.1 Market Analysis 155
4.5.19.2 Producers and Production Capacities 156
4.5.19.3 Polyurethanes (PUR, bio fraction) production 2019–2036 156
4.5.19.4 PUR Production by region 2019–2036 157
4.6 NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS 157
4.6.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 158
4.6.1.1 Technology description 158
4.6.1.2 Types 159
4.6.1.2.1 PHB 161
4.6.1.2.2 PHBV 161
4.6.1.3 Synthesis and production processes 162
4.6.1.4 Market analysis 165
4.6.1.5 Commercially available PHAs 166
4.6.1.6 Markets for PHAs 167
4.6.1.6.1 Packaging 168
4.6.1.6.2 Cosmetics 169
4.6.1.6.2.1 PHA microspheres 169
4.6.1.6.3 Medical 169
4.6.1.6.3.1 Tissue engineering 169
4.6.1.6.3.2 Drug delivery 170
4.6.1.6.4 Agriculture 170
4.6.1.6.4.1 Mulch film 170
4.6.1.6.4.2 Grow bags 170
4.6.1.7 Producers and production capacities 171
4.6.1.8 PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 172
4.6.1.9 PHA Production by region 2019–2036 172
4.6.2 Cellulose 173
4.6.2.1 Cellulose acetate (CA) 173
4.6.2.1.1 Market analysis 173
4.6.2.1.2 Production 173
4.6.2.1.3 Applications 174
4.6.2.1.4 Cellulose acetate Production by region 2019–2036 175
4.6.2.1.5 Producers 175
4.6.2.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 176
4.6.2.2.1 Market analysis 176
4.6.2.2.2 Producers and production capacities 177
4.6.2.3 Nanocellulose 177
4.6.2.4 Casein polymers 178
4.6.2.4.1 Market analysis 178
4.6.2.5 Commercial status 178
4.6.2.5.1 Production 179
4.6.2.5.2 Applications 180
4.6.2.6 Algal, Fungal and Mycelium-based Materials: Emerging Outlook 180
4.6.3 Starch-containing polymer compounds (SCPC) 181
4.6.3.1 Market Analysis 181
4.6.3.2 Producers and Production Capacities 181
4.6.3.3 SCPC production 2019–2036 182
4.6.3.4 SCPC Production by region 2019–2036 182
4.7 NATURAL FIBERS 183
4.7.1 Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers 186
4.7.2 Advantages of natural fibers 187
4.7.3 Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products 188
4.7.4 Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers 191
4.7.5 Challenges 192
4.7.6 Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose) 192
4.7.7 Animal (fibrous protein) 212
4.7.8 Markets for natural fibers 218
4.7.9 Global production of natural fibers 234
4.8 LIGNIN 236
4.8.1 Lignin as a Bio-based Polymer Feedstock 236
5 MARKETS FOR BIOPLASTICS 237
5.1 Packaging (Flexible and Rigid) 238
5.1.1 Processes for bioplastics in packaging 238
5.1.2 Applications 239
5.1.3 Flexible packaging 239
5.1.3.1 Production volumes 2019-2036 241
5.1.4 Rigid packaging 242
5.1.4.1 Production volumes 2019-2036 243
5.2 Consumer Goods 244
5.2.1 Applications 244
5.2.2 Production volumes 2019-2036 244
5.3 Automotive 245
5.3.1 Applications 245
5.3.2 Production volumes 2019-2036 246
5.4 Building and Construction 247
5.4.1 Applications 247
5.4.2 Production volumes 2019-2036 247
5.5 Textiles and Fibers 248
5.5.1 Apparel 248
5.5.2 Footwear 249
5.5.3 Medical textiles 250
5.5.4 Production volumes 2019-2036 250
5.6 Electronics 252
5.6.1 Applications 252
5.6.2 Production volumes 2019-2036 253
5.7 Agriculture and Horticulture 254
5.7.1 Production volumes 2019-2036 254
5.8 Production of Biopolymers, by region 256
5.8.1 North America 256
5.8.2 Europe 257
5.8.3 Asia-Pacific 258
5.8.4 Latin America 259
5.9 Polymer-Specific Application Distribution 259
5.9.1 All bio-based polymers — Application summary 259
5.9.2 PLA — Application distribution 260
5.9.3 PHA — Application distribution 261
5.9.4 PBAT — Application distribution 262
5.9.5 PBS — Application distribution 262
5.9.6 SCPC — Application distribution 263
5.9.7 Cellulose acetate — Application distribution 263
6 COMPANY PROFILES 265 (592 company profiles)
7 APPENDIX 679
7.1 Research Methodology 679
8 REFERENCES 681
List of Tables/Graphs
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Plastics Production (1950-2025). 38
Table 2. Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers (2025). 39
Table 3. Regional Biopolymer Distribution and Projections (2025–2036) 41
Table 4. Regional Production Capacity Projections (1,000 tonnes). 42
Table 5. Bio-based Building Blocks Market Overview 43
Table 6. Global Bio-based Building Block Production Capacities 2011–2036 (million tonnes total, all building blocks) 43
Table 7. Next Generation Bio-based Polymers. 44
Table 8. Bio-based Polymers and Chemical Recycling (2024-2036). 45
Table 9. Novel Feedstock Sources 47
Table 10. Bio-based Polymer Production Shares and Bio-based Content: 2025 49
Table 11. Global Bio-based Polymer Production Capacities and Production 2025 50
Table 12. Bio-based Polymer Global Installed Capacity Forecast 2025–2036 by Type (1,000 tonnes) 51
Table 13. Bioplastics Production Capacities by Region 2024-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 53
Table 14. Global Bio-based Polymers Market by Type 2020–2036 (Revenues $M) 54
Table 15. Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-based Polymers. 57
Table 16. Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternative 59
Table 17. Available Bio-based Monomers. 69
Table 18. Bioplastic feedstocks, 72
Table 19. Bioplastics regulations around the world. 78
Table 20. Global biomass demand and the bio-based polymer share, 2023–2025 87
Table 21.Common starch sources used as bio-based feedstock 88
Table 22. Global production of starch for bio-based chemicals (million tonnes) 89
Table 23. Production of major glucose-platform intermediates (tonnes unless stated) 89
Table 24. Production of key furan-platform intermediates (tonnes) 90
Table 25. Intermediates derived from lignocellulosic biomass 90
Table 26. Production of major plant-oil intermediates (tonnes) 91
Table 27. Waste feedstocks and derived products 91
Table 28.Gaseous feedstocks and conversion routes 92
Table 29. Type of biodegradation. 95
Table 30. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics. 96
Table 31. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications. 96
Table 32. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types. 98
Table 33. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 100
Table 34. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear Applications. 100
Table 35. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) producers. 101
Table 36. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 101
Table 37. Optimal Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains for Fermentation 106
Table 38. Lactic acid producers and production capacities. 110
Table 39. PLA producers and production capacities. 110
Table 40. Planned PLA Capacity Expansions (2025 confirmed) 111
Table 41. PLA Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 111
Table 42. Polylactic acid (PLA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 112
Table 43. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 113
Table 44. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities. 115
Table 45. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 116
Table 46. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 117
Table 47. PTT Production Capacities (2025) 118
Table 48. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 118
Table 49. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 119
Table 50. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 120
Table 51. PEF vs. PET. 120
Table 52. FDCA and PEF Producers (2025) 121
Table 53. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 122
Table 54. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 123
Table 55. Bio-PA Producers Production Capacities (2025) 124
Table 56. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 125
Table 57. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 126
Table 58. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 127
Table 59. PBAT Producers, Production Capacities and Brands (2025) 127
Table 60. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 128
Table 61. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 129
Table 62. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 130
Table 63. PBS Producers and Production Capacities (2025) 130
Table 64. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 131
Table 65. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 132
Table 66. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 132
Table 67. Leading Bio-PE producers. 133
Table 68. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 134
Table 69. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 134
Table 70. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 135
Table 71. Bio-PP Producers and Capacities (2025) 136
Table 72. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 136
Table 73. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 137
Table 74. Superabsorbent Polymers Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 139
Table 75. Superabsorbent polymers Applications. 140
Table 76. Superabsorbent polymers producers. 141
Table 77. Polytrimethylene furandicarboxylate (PTF) Applications 142
Table 78. Polytrimethylene furandicarboxylate (PTF) Producers and Production Capacities 142
Table 79. PTF Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 142
Table 80. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Applications 144
Table 81. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Producers and Production Capacities 144
Table 82. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Bio-PBT Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 145
Table 83. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Applications 146
Table 84. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Producers and Production Capacities 146
Table 85. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 147
Table 86. Bio-based polyvinyl chloride (bio-PVC) 148
Table 87. Bio-based polyvinyl chloride (bio-PVC) Producers and Production Capacities 148
Table 88. Bio-PVC Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 149
Table 89. Bio-PMMA Applications 150
Table 90. Bio-PMMA Producers and Production Capacities 150
Table 91. Bio-PMMA Bio-PMMA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 151
Table 92. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR) Applications 152
Table 93. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR) 152
Table 94. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR) 153
Table 95. Epoxy resins (bio fraction) production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 154
Table 96. Epoxy resins (bio fraction) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 155
Table 97. Polyurethanes (PUR, bio fraction) production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 156
Table 98.Types of PHAs and properties. 160
Table 99. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers. 162
Table 100. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods. 163
Table 101. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis. 165
Table 102. Commercially available PHAs. 166
Table 103. Markets and applications for PHAs. 167
Table 104. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging. 168
Table 105. PHA Producers (2025) 171
Table 106. PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 172
Table 107. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 172
Table 108. Cellulose acetate (CA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 173
Table 109. Cellulose acetate (CA) applications. 174
Table 110. Cellulose acetate (CA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 175
Table 111. Cellulose acetate (CA) producers. 175
Table 112. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 176
Table 113. Leading MFC producers and capacities. 177
Table 114. Casein polymers production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 179
Table 115. Casein polymers applications. 180
Table 116. Starch-containing polymer compounds Producers and Production Capacities 181
Table 117. Starch-containing polymer compounds (SCPC) production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 182
Table 118. SCPC production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 182
Table 119. Types of next-gen natural fibers. 183
Table 120. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers. 186
Table 121. Typical properties of natural fibers. 187
Table 122. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products. 188
Table 123. Market drivers for natural fibers. 191
Table 124. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 192
Table 125. Cotton production volume 2018-2036 (Million MT). 193
Table 126. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 194
Table 127. Kapok production volume 2018-2036 (MT). 194
Table 128. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 195
Table 129. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 196
Table 130. Jute production volume 2018-2036 (Million MT). 197
Table 131. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 197
Table 132. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT). 198
Table 133. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 199
Table 134. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT). 199
Table 135. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 200
Table 136. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT). 201
Table 137. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 201
Table 138. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT). 202
Table 139. Overview of sisal leaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 202
Table 140. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT). 203
Table 141. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 203
Table 142. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT). 204
Table 143. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 205
Table 144. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MILLION MT). 206
Table 145. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 206
Table 146. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT). 207
Table 147. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 207
Table 148. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 209
Table 149. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 209
Table 150. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications. 210
Table 151. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size. 210
Table 152. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 211
Table 153. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MILLION MT). 212
Table 154. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 213
Table 155. Alternative wool materials producers. 213
Table 156. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size. 214
Table 157. Alternative silk materials producers. 214
Table 158. Alternative leather materials producers. 216
Table 159. Next-gen fur producers. 217
Table 160. Alternative down materials producers. 217
Table 161. Applications of natural fiber composites. 218
Table 162. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites. 220
Table 163. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites. 221
Table 164. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites. 221
Table 165. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds. 222
Table 166. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats. 222
Table 167. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 223
Table 168. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market. 225
Table 169. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 226
Table 170. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry. 227
Table 171. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 228
Table 172. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector. 229
Table 173. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 230
Table 174. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 230
Table 175. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 233
Table 176. Global fiber production (million MT) 2020-2036. 235
Table 177. Global Production Capacities by End-Use Market 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes total) 237
Table 178. Processes for bioplastics in packaging. 238
Table 179. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging. 239
Table 180. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging. 240
Table 181. Bio-based Polymers for Flexible Packaging — Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 241
Table 182. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging. 242
Table 183. Bio-based Polymers for Rigid Packaging — Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 243
Table 184. Global production for bio-based polymers in consumer goods 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes. 244
Table 185. Bio-based Polymers in Automotive and Transport 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 246
Table 186. Bio-based Polymers in Building and Construction 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 247
Table 187. Bio-based Polymers in Textiles and Fibres 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 251
Table 188. Global production volumes for bio-based polymers in electronics 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes. 253
Table 189. Bio-based Polymers in Agriculture and Horticulture 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 254
Table 190. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America. 256
Table 191. Bio-based Polymers in North America by Type 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 256
Table 192. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe. 257
Table 193. Bio-based Polymers in Europe by Type 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 257
Table 194. Production volumes for bio-based polymers in Asia-Pacific by type 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes 258
Table 195. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America. 259
Table 196. All bio-based polymers by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 259
Table 197. Polylactic acid (PLA) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 260
Table 198. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 261
Table 199. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 262
Table 200. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 262
Table 201. Starch-containing polymer compounds (SCPC) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 263
Table 202. Cellulose acetate (CA) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 263
Table 203. Lactips plastic pellets. 483
Table 204. Oji Holdings CNF products. 550
List of Figures
Figure 1. Coca-Cola PlantBottle®. 93
Figure 2. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics. 94
Figure 3. PHA family. 160
Figure 4. Types of natural fibers. 186
Figure 5. Absolut natural based fiber bottle cap. 188
Figure 6. Adidas algae-ink tees. 188
Figure 7. Carlsberg natural fiber beer bottle. 188
Figure 8. Miratex watch bands. 189
Figure 9. Adidas Made with Nature Ultraboost 22. 189
Figure 10. PUMA RE:SUEDE sneaker 189
Figure 11. Luffa cylindrica fiber. 195
Figure 12. Pineapple fiber. 208
Figure 13. A bag made with pineapple biomaterial. 208
Figure 14. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials. 215
Figure 15. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel. 223
Figure 16. Car door produced from Hemp fiber. 224
Figure 17. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers. 225
Figure 18. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel. 232
Figure 19. Coir mats for erosion control. 232
Figure 20. Global fiber production, by fiber type, million MT and %. 235
Figure 21. PHA bioplastics products. 239
Figure 22. Biodegradable mulch films. 254
Figure 23. Pluumo. 269
Figure 24. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process. 282
Figure 25. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel. 284
Figure 26. MEDICELLU™. 284
Figure 27. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet. 293
Figure 28. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric. 293
Figure 29. CNF nonwoven fabric. 294
Figure 30. Roof frame made of natural fiber. 304
Figure 31. Beyond Leather Materials product. 308
Figure 32. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA. 314
Figure 33. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc. 315
Figure 34. Fiber-based screw cap. 329
Figure 35: Celluforce production process. 346
Figure 36: NCCTM Process. 346
Figure 37: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include: 347
Figure 38. formicobio™ technology. 352
Figure 39. nanoforest-S. 355
Figure 40. nanoforest-PDP. 355
Figure 41. nanoforest-MB. 356
Figure 42. sunliquid® production process. 364
Figure 43. CuanSave film. 367
Figure 44. Celish. 368
Figure 45. Trunk lid incorporating CNF. 369
Figure 46. ELLEX products. 371
Figure 47. CNF-reinforced PP compounds. 371
Figure 48. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 372
Figure 49. Color CNF. 373
Figure 50. Rheocrysta spray. 378
Figure 51. DKS CNF products. 379
Figure 52. Domsjö process. 381
Figure 53. Mushroom leather. 395
Figure 54. CNF based on citrus peel. 397
Figure 55. Citrus cellulose nanofiber. 398
Figure 56. Filler Bank CNC products. 414
Figure 57. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing. 417
Figure 58. TMP-Bio Process. 419
Figure 59. Water-repellent cellulose. 421
Figure 60. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE). 422
Figure 61. PHA production process. 423
Figure 62. CNF products from Furukawa Electric. 424
Figure 63. AVAPTM process. 434
Figure 64. GreenPower+™ process. 435
Figure 65. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials. 439
Figure 66. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer). 441
Figure 67. CNF gel. 448
Figure 68. Block nanocellulose material. 449
Figure 69. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu. 449
Figure 70. Marine leather products. 453
Figure 71. Inner Mettle Milk products. 456
Figure 72. Kami Shoji CNF products. 470
Figure 73. Dual Graft System. 472
Figure 74. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins. 472
Figure 75. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended). 473
Figure 76. Kel Labs yarn. 474
Figure 77. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side). 478
Figure 78. Lignin gel. 488
Figure 79. BioFlex process. 493
Figure 80. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee. 494
Figure 81. LX Process. 497
Figure 82. Made of Air's HexChar panels. 500
Figure 83. TransLeather. 501
Figure 84. Chitin nanofiber product. 506
Figure 85. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products. 507
Figure 86. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder. 508
Figure 87. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology. 511
Figure 88. IPA synthesis method. 515
Figure 89. MOGU-Wave panels. 518
Figure 90. CNF slurries. 519
Figure 91. Range of CNF products. 519
Figure 92. Reishi. 523
Figure 93. Compostable water pod. 539
Figure 94. Leather made from leaves. 540
Figure 95. Nike shoe with beLEAF™. 540
Figure 96. CNF clear sheets. 550
Figure 97. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product. 551
Figure 98. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process. 566
Figure 99. Precision Photosynthesis™ technology. 569
Figure 100. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk. 571
Figure 101. XCNF. 578
Figure 102: Plantrose process. 579
Figure 103. LOVR hemp leather. 583
Figure 104. CNF insulation flat plates. 585
Figure 105. Hansa lignin. 592
Figure 106. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 596
Figure 107. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 600
Figure 108. 3D printed cellulose shoe. 607
Figure 109. Lyocell process. 610
Figure 110. North Face Spiber Moon Parka. 614
Figure 111. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie. 615
Figure 112. Spider silk production. 616
Figure 113. Stora Enso lignin battery materials. 620
Figure 114. 2 wt.％ CNF suspension. 621
Figure 115. BiNFi-s Dry Powder. 621
Figure 116. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet. 622
Figure 117. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material. 622
Figure 118. Sulapac cosmetics containers. 624
Figure 119. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing. 625
Figure 120. Solid Novolac Type lignin modified phenolic resins. 626
Figure 121. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles. 634
Figure 122. Corbion FDCA production process. 642
Figure 123. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF. 643
Figure 124. CNF resin products. 648
Figure 125. UPM biorefinery process. 650
Figure 126. Vegea production process. 654
Figure 127. The Proesa® Process. 656
Figure 128. Goldilocks process and applications. 657
Figure 129. Visolis’ Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process. 660
Figure 130. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test. 662
Figure 131. Worn Again products. 667
Figure 132. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process. 671
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