Summary

The global market for Crystal and MEMS Resonators was estimated to be worth US$ 2157 million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 4545 million by 2031 with a CAGR of 11.4% during the forecast period 2025-2031.

A quartz resonator is an electronic component that uses the piezoelectric effect of quartz to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. They are used in a wide variety of electronic devices, from computers and cell phones to radios and TVs.
North American market for Crystal and MEMS Resonators was valued at $ million in 2024 and will reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2031.
Asia-Pacific market for Crystal and MEMS Resonators was valued at $ million in 2024 and will reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2031.
Europe market for Crystal and MEMS Resonators was valued at $ million in 2024 and will reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2031.

The global key companies of Crystal and MEMS Resonators include TXC, Nihon Dempa Kogyo (NDK), Seiko Epson, Daishinku Corp (KDS), TKD Science and Technology, Sitime, Kyocera Crystal Device (KCD), Siward Crystal Technology, Hosonic Electronic, Harmony Electronics Corp (H.ELE.), etc. In 2024, the global five largest players hold a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Crystal and MEMS Resonators, focusing on the total sales volume, sales revenue, price, key companies market share and ranking, together with an analysis of Crystal and MEMS Resonators by region & country, by Type, and by Application.

The Crystal and MEMS Resonators market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (M Pcs) and sales revenue ($ millions), considering 2024 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2020 to 2031. With both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Crystal and MEMS Resonators.

Market Segmentation
By Company
TXC
Nihon Dempa Kogyo (NDK)
Seiko Epson
Daishinku Corp (KDS)
TKD Science and Technology
Sitime
Kyocera Crystal Device (KCD)
Siward Crystal Technology
Hosonic Electronic
Harmony Electronics Corp (H.ELE.)
Micro Crystal
Diodes Incorporated
Tai-Saw Technology
AnHui Jing Sai Technology
Microchip
Murata/TEW
ZheJiang East Crystal
NSK (JenJaan Quartek Corporation)
Failong Crystal Technologies
Rakon
Taitien
Abracon
River Eletec
Aker Technology
ShenZhen Yangxing Technology (YXC)
Segment by Type
kHz Device
MHz Device
Segment by Application
Consumer Electronics
Automotive
Home Appliance
IT & Telecommunication
Medical Equipment
Others
By Region
North America
United States
Canada
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia
Rest of Asia-Pacific
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Netherlands
Nordic Countries
Rest of Europe
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Rest of Latin America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of MEA

Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size (value, volume and price). This chapter also provides the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Crystal and MEMS Resonators manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 5: Sales, revenue of Crystal and MEMS Resonators in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.
Chapter 6: Sales, revenue of Crystal and MEMS Resonators in country level. It provides sigmate data by Type, and by Application for each country/region.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Conclusion.

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Table of Contents

1 Market Overview
1.1 Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Introduction
1.2 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Market Size Forecast
1.2.1 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value (2020-2031)
1.2.2 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Volume (2020-2031)
1.2.3 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Price (2020-2031)
1.3 Crystal and MEMS Resonators Market Trends & Drivers
1.3.1 Crystal and MEMS Resonators Industry Trends
1.3.2 Crystal and MEMS Resonators Market Drivers & Opportunity
1.3.3 Crystal and MEMS Resonators Market Challenges
1.3.4 Crystal and MEMS Resonators Market Restraints
1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Competitive Analysis by Company
2.1 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Players Revenue Ranking (2024)
2.2 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Revenue by Company (2020-2025)
2.3 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Players Sales Volume Ranking (2024)
2.4 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Volume by Company Players (2020-2025)
2.5 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Average Price by Company (2020-2025)
2.6 Key Manufacturers Crystal and MEMS Resonators Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
2.7 Key Manufacturers Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offered
2.8 Key Manufacturers Time to Begin Mass Production of Crystal and MEMS Resonators
2.9 Crystal and MEMS Resonators Market Competitive Analysis
2.9.1 Crystal and MEMS Resonators Market Concentration Rate (2020-2025)
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Crystal and MEMS Resonators Revenue in 2024
2.9.3 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Crystal and MEMS Resonators as of 2024)
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Segmentation by Type
3.1 Introduction by Type
3.1.1 kHz Device
3.1.2 MHz Device
3.2 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Type
3.2.1 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
3.2.2 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value, by Type (2020-2031)
3.2.3 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
3.3 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Volume by Type
3.3.1 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Volume by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
3.3.2 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Volume, by Type (2020-2031)
3.3.3 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Volume, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
3.4 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Average Price by Type (2020-2031)
4 Segmentation by Application
4.1 Introduction by Application
4.1.1 Consumer Electronics
4.1.2 Automotive
4.1.3 Home Appliance
4.1.4 IT & Telecommunication
4.1.5 Medical Equipment
4.1.6 Others
4.2 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Application
4.2.1 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
4.2.2 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value, by Application (2020-2031)
4.2.3 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
4.3 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Volume by Application
4.3.1 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Volume by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
4.3.2 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Volume, by Application (2020-2031)
4.3.3 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Volume, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
4.4 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Average Price by Application (2020-2031)
5 Segmentation by Region
5.1 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Region
5.1.1 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
5.1.2 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Region (2020-2025)
5.1.3 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Region (2026-2031)
5.1.4 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Region (%), (2020-2031)
5.2 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Volume by Region
5.2.1 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Volume by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
5.2.2 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Volume by Region (2020-2025)
5.2.3 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Volume by Region (2026-2031)
5.2.4 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Volume by Region (%), (2020-2031)
5.3 Global Crystal and MEMS Resonators Average Price by Region (2020-2031)
5.4 North America
5.4.1 North America Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.4.2 North America Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
5.5 Europe
5.5.1 Europe Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.5.2 Europe Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
5.6 Asia Pacific
5.6.1 Asia Pacific Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.6.2 Asia Pacific Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Region (%), 2024 VS 2031
5.7 South America
5.7.1 South America Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.7.2 South America Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
5.8 Middle East & Africa
5.8.1 Middle East & Africa Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.8.2 Middle East & Africa Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
6 Segmentation by Key Countries/Regions
6.1 Key Countries/Regions Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value Growth Trends, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
6.2 Key Countries/Regions Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value
6.2.1 Key Countries/Regions Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.2.2 Key Countries/Regions Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Volume, 2020-2031
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.3.2 United States Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.3.3 United States Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.4 Europe
6.4.1 Europe Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.4.2 Europe Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.4.3 Europe Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.5.2 China Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.5.3 China Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.6 Japan
6.6.1 Japan Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.6.2 Japan Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.6.3 Japan Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.7 South Korea
6.7.1 South Korea Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.7.2 South Korea Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.7.3 South Korea Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.8 Southeast Asia
6.8.1 Southeast Asia Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.8.2 Southeast Asia Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.8.3 Southeast Asia Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.9 India
6.9.1 India Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.9.2 India Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.9.3 India Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
7 Company Profiles
7.1 TXC
7.1.1 TXC Company Information
7.1.2 TXC Introduction and Business Overview
7.1.3 TXC Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.1.4 TXC Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.1.5 TXC Recent Development
7.2 Nihon Dempa Kogyo (NDK)
7.2.1 Nihon Dempa Kogyo (NDK) Company Information
7.2.2 Nihon Dempa Kogyo (NDK) Introduction and Business Overview
7.2.3 Nihon Dempa Kogyo (NDK) Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.2.4 Nihon Dempa Kogyo (NDK) Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.2.5 Nihon Dempa Kogyo (NDK) Recent Development
7.3 Seiko Epson
7.3.1 Seiko Epson Company Information
7.3.2 Seiko Epson Introduction and Business Overview
7.3.3 Seiko Epson Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.3.4 Seiko Epson Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.3.5 Seiko Epson Recent Development
7.4 Daishinku Corp (KDS)
7.4.1 Daishinku Corp (KDS) Company Information
7.4.2 Daishinku Corp (KDS) Introduction and Business Overview
7.4.3 Daishinku Corp (KDS) Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.4.4 Daishinku Corp (KDS) Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.4.5 Daishinku Corp (KDS) Recent Development
7.5 TKD Science and Technology
7.5.1 TKD Science and Technology Company Information
7.5.2 TKD Science and Technology Introduction and Business Overview
7.5.3 TKD Science and Technology Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.5.4 TKD Science and Technology Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.5.5 TKD Science and Technology Recent Development
7.6 Sitime
7.6.1 Sitime Company Information
7.6.2 Sitime Introduction and Business Overview
7.6.3 Sitime Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.6.4 Sitime Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.6.5 Sitime Recent Development
7.7 Kyocera Crystal Device (KCD)
7.7.1 Kyocera Crystal Device (KCD) Company Information
7.7.2 Kyocera Crystal Device (KCD) Introduction and Business Overview
7.7.3 Kyocera Crystal Device (KCD) Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.7.4 Kyocera Crystal Device (KCD) Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.7.5 Kyocera Crystal Device (KCD) Recent Development
7.8 Siward Crystal Technology
7.8.1 Siward Crystal Technology Company Information
7.8.2 Siward Crystal Technology Introduction and Business Overview
7.8.3 Siward Crystal Technology Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.8.4 Siward Crystal Technology Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.8.5 Siward Crystal Technology Recent Development
7.9 Hosonic Electronic
7.9.1 Hosonic Electronic Company Information
7.9.2 Hosonic Electronic Introduction and Business Overview
7.9.3 Hosonic Electronic Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.9.4 Hosonic Electronic Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.9.5 Hosonic Electronic Recent Development
7.10 Harmony Electronics Corp (H.ELE.)
7.10.1 Harmony Electronics Corp (H.ELE.) Company Information
7.10.2 Harmony Electronics Corp (H.ELE.) Introduction and Business Overview
7.10.3 Harmony Electronics Corp (H.ELE.) Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.10.4 Harmony Electronics Corp (H.ELE.) Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.10.5 Harmony Electronics Corp (H.ELE.) Recent Development
7.11 Micro Crystal
7.11.1 Micro Crystal Company Information
7.11.2 Micro Crystal Introduction and Business Overview
7.11.3 Micro Crystal Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.11.4 Micro Crystal Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.11.5 Micro Crystal Recent Development
7.12 Diodes Incorporated
7.12.1 Diodes Incorporated Company Information
7.12.2 Diodes Incorporated Introduction and Business Overview
7.12.3 Diodes Incorporated Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.12.4 Diodes Incorporated Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.12.5 Diodes Incorporated Recent Development
7.13 Tai-Saw Technology
7.13.1 Tai-Saw Technology Company Information
7.13.2 Tai-Saw Technology Introduction and Business Overview
7.13.3 Tai-Saw Technology Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.13.4 Tai-Saw Technology Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.13.5 Tai-Saw Technology Recent Development
7.14 AnHui Jing Sai Technology
7.14.1 AnHui Jing Sai Technology Company Information
7.14.2 AnHui Jing Sai Technology Introduction and Business Overview
7.14.3 AnHui Jing Sai Technology Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.14.4 AnHui Jing Sai Technology Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.14.5 AnHui Jing Sai Technology Recent Development
7.15 Microchip
7.15.1 Microchip Company Information
7.15.2 Microchip Introduction and Business Overview
7.15.3 Microchip Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.15.4 Microchip Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.15.5 Microchip Recent Development
7.16 Murata/TEW
7.16.1 Murata/TEW Company Information
7.16.2 Murata/TEW Introduction and Business Overview
7.16.3 Murata/TEW Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.16.4 Murata/TEW Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.16.5 Murata/TEW Recent Development
7.17 ZheJiang East Crystal
7.17.1 ZheJiang East Crystal Company Information
7.17.2 ZheJiang East Crystal Introduction and Business Overview
7.17.3 ZheJiang East Crystal Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.17.4 ZheJiang East Crystal Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.17.5 ZheJiang East Crystal Recent Development
7.18 NSK (JenJaan Quartek Corporation)
7.18.1 NSK (JenJaan Quartek Corporation) Company Information
7.18.2 NSK (JenJaan Quartek Corporation) Introduction and Business Overview
7.18.3 NSK (JenJaan Quartek Corporation) Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.18.4 NSK (JenJaan Quartek Corporation) Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.18.5 NSK (JenJaan Quartek Corporation) Recent Development
7.19 Failong Crystal Technologies
7.19.1 Failong Crystal Technologies Company Information
7.19.2 Failong Crystal Technologies Introduction and Business Overview
7.19.3 Failong Crystal Technologies Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.19.4 Failong Crystal Technologies Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.19.5 Failong Crystal Technologies Recent Development
7.20 Rakon
7.20.1 Rakon Company Information
7.20.2 Rakon Introduction and Business Overview
7.20.3 Rakon Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.20.4 Rakon Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.20.5 Rakon Recent Development
7.21 Taitien
7.21.1 Taitien Company Information
7.21.2 Taitien Introduction and Business Overview
7.21.3 Taitien Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.21.4 Taitien Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.21.5 Taitien Recent Development
7.22 Abracon
7.22.1 Abracon Company Information
7.22.2 Abracon Introduction and Business Overview
7.22.3 Abracon Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.22.4 Abracon Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.22.5 Abracon Recent Development
7.23 River Eletec
7.23.1 River Eletec Company Information
7.23.2 River Eletec Introduction and Business Overview
7.23.3 River Eletec Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.23.4 River Eletec Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.23.5 River Eletec Recent Development
7.24 Aker Technology
7.24.1 Aker Technology Company Information
7.24.2 Aker Technology Introduction and Business Overview
7.24.3 Aker Technology Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.24.4 Aker Technology Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.24.5 Aker Technology Recent Development
7.25 ShenZhen Yangxing Technology (YXC)
7.25.1 ShenZhen Yangxing Technology (YXC) Company Information
7.25.2 ShenZhen Yangxing Technology (YXC) Introduction and Business Overview
7.25.3 ShenZhen Yangxing Technology (YXC) Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.25.4 ShenZhen Yangxing Technology (YXC) Crystal and MEMS Resonators Product Offerings
7.25.5 ShenZhen Yangxing Technology (YXC) Recent Development
8 Industry Chain Analysis
8.1 Crystal and MEMS Resonators Industrial Chain
8.2 Crystal and MEMS Resonators Upstream Analysis
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.2.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Midstream Analysis
8.4 Downstream Analysis (Customers Analysis)
8.5 Sales Model and Sales Channels
8.5.1 Crystal and MEMS Resonators Sales Model
8.5.2 Sales Channel
8.5.3 Crystal and MEMS Resonators Distributors
9 Research Findings and Conclusion
10 Appendix
10.1 Research Methodology
10.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
10.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
10.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
10.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
10.1.2 Data Source
10.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
10.1.2.2 Primary Sources
10.2 Author Details
10.3 Disclaimer