Summary

Investment in AI inference silicon has become one of the largest capital flows in semiconductors, and buyers now judge hardware on cost per token rather than training speed. This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the AI inference chip market—its technologies, economics, competition and supply chain—with market sizing and forecasts from 2024 to 2037 and profiles of 125 companies.

It records the record 2025–2026 venture funding, large rounds and exits, including the Cerebras IPO, and covers every major chip architecture: data-centre GPUs and hyperscaler custom ASICs, merchant and challenger accelerators, in-memory compute, photonic and neuromorphic inference, and edge NPUs. It analyses the drivers—token demand, inference economics, the memory wall, power and sovereignty—alongside regional markets, competitive dynamics, investment and M&A, and the supply chain.

Report contents include:

• Executive summary: the inference decade, market size and growth 2024–2037, data centre versus edge, the chip-architecture shift, competitive landscape, fastest-growing segments, capital formation and exits, ten predictions and strategic implications by stakeholder.
• Introduction, definitions and segmentation: training versus inference, the anatomy of LLM inference (prefill, decode, KV cache), performance and economic metrics, the segmentation framework, a taxonomy of inference silicon and a short history.
• Market drivers, trends and restraints: token-demand explosion, falling cost per token, the memory wall and memory-centric design, power and siting constraints, disaggregated inference, software ecosystems, sovereign AI, edge demand, export controls and risks.
• Technology analysis: GPUs, hyperscaler and merchant ASICs, memory-centric architectures, numerics, photonic and neuromorphic inference, edge NPUs, memory (HBM3E/HBM4, GDDR7, LPDDR, HBF, CXL), advanced packaging and chiplets, scale-up/scale-out interconnect, process nodes, rack-scale systems and software.
• Global market forecasts 2024–2037: methodology, total market, data centre by chip type, deployment, workload and memory architecture, unit shipments and ASP, edge by application, by architecture, segment growth and scenarios.
• Data centre inference market analysis: hyperscaler and frontier-lab strategies, neoclouds, sovereign facilities, enterprise on-premise, TCO (GPU vs ASIC vs challenger) and procurement behaviour.
• Edge and on-device inference: smartphones, AI PCs, automotive, robotics/physical AI, industrial and machine vision, smart cameras, wearables/XR/IoT, edge infrastructure and edge-versus-cloud placement.
• Regional market analysis (North America, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific ex-China, Middle East and Africa, Latin America); competitive landscape (market structure, vendor shares, NVIDIA's position, diversified vendors, challengers, partnerships); and investment, funding, M&A and exits.
• Supply chain (foundry, memory, packaging/OSAT, IP/EDA/design services, ODMs and risks); market outlook to 2037 with risks, opportunities and recommendations; 125 company profiles, methodology, glossary and references.

Companies profiled include: Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), Alchip Technologies, Alibaba Group (T-Head Semiconductor), Alif Semiconductor, Amazon Web Services (Annapurna Labs), Ambarella, Ambient Scientific, Anaflash, Apple, Arago, Arm Holdings, Axelera AI, Axera Semiconductor, Baidu (Kunlunxin), Biren Technology, Black Sesame Technologies, Blaize, BrainChip Holdings, Broadcom, ByteDance, Cadence Design Systems, Cambricon Technologies, Canaan Inc., Cerebras Systems, Ceva, CogniFiber, Corerain Technologies, d-Matrix, DEEPX, Denglin Technology, EdgeCortix, Efinix, Element Labs, EnCharge AI, Enflame Technology, Etched, Expedera, Extropic, Femtosense, Fractile, FuriosaAI, Global Unichip Corporation (GUC), Google (Alphabet), Graphcore, GreenWaves Technologies, Groq, Hailo, Horizon Robotics, Houmo.ai, Huawei (HiSilicon), Hygon Information Technology, IBM, Iluvatar CoreX, Imagination Technologies, Infineon Technologies, Innatera Nanosystems, and more.

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Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 The Inference Decade: Why the Market Is Changing Now
1.2 Market Definition and Scope at a Glance
1.3 Global Market Size and Growth, 2024-2037
1.4 Data Center Versus Edge
1.5 Chip Architecture Shift: GPUs, Custom ASICs and Challengers
1.6 Competitive Landscape in Brief
1.7 Fastest-Growing Segments
1.8 Capital Formation and Exits
1.9 Ten Predictions for 2027-2037
1.10 Strategic Implications by Stakeholder
2 INTRODUCTION, DEFINITIONS AND SEGMENTATION
2.1 Training Versus Inference
2.2 Anatomy of LLM Inference: Prefill, Decode and the KV Cache
2.3 Inference Performance and Economic Metrics
2.4 Market Definition and What Is Counted
2.5 Segmentation Framework
2.6 Taxonomy of Inference Silicon
2.7 A Short History of Inference Chips, 2015-2026
3 MARKET DRIVERS, TRENDS AND RESTRAINTS
3.1 Token Demand Explosion: Agentic AI, Reasoning Models and Multimodal
3.2 The Economics of Inference: Falling Cost per Token
3.3 The Memory Wall and the Rise of Memory-Centric Design
3.4 Power, Grid and Siting Constraints
3.5 Disaggregated and Heterogeneous Inference
3.6 Software Ecosystems and Switching Costs
3.7 Sovereign AI and National Compute Programs
3.8 On-Device and Edge AI Demand Drivers
3.9 Geopolitics, Export Controls and the US-China Silicon Curtain
3.10 Restraints, Risks and Challenges
4 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS
4.1 GPUs for Inference
4.2 Hyperscaler Custom ASICs
4.3 Merchant Data-Center Inference ASICs: Dataflow, Deterministic SRAM (LPU), Wafer-Scale, Transformer-Specific and Hard-Wired
4.4 Memory-Centric Architectures: SRAM-Centric, Digital and Analog In-Memory Compute, PIM
4.5 Numerics: FP8, MXFP4/NVFP4, INT4, Ternary, Logarithmic
4.6 Photonic and Optical Inference Compute
4.7 Neuromorphic Inference
4.8 Edge NPUs and SoC Integration
4.9 Discrete Edge AI Accelerators
4.10 Memory Technologies for Inference: HBM3E, HBM4/HBM4E, Custom HBM, GDDR7, LPDDR5X/6, SOCAMM, HBF and CXL
4.11 Advanced Packaging and Chiplets: CoWoS, SoIC, Panel-Level and UCIe
4.12 Scale-Up and Scale-Out Interconnect: NVLink, UALink, Ethernet (UEC and ESUN) and Co-Packaged Optics
4.13 Process Technology: N3, N2, A16, Intel 18A/14A, Samsung SF2 and Rapidus
4.14 Rack-Scale Systems, Power Delivery and Cooling
4.15 Inference Software, Compilers and Serving Frameworks
4.16 Technology Readiness and Roadmap 2027-2037
5 GLOBAL MARKET FORECASTS 2024-2037
5.1 Forecast Methodology and Key Assumptions
5.2 Total Market
5.3 Data Center Inference by Chip Type
5.4 Data Center by Deployment Location
5.5 Data Center by Workload
5.6 Data Center by Memory Architecture
5.7 Data Center Unit Shipments and ASP
5.8 Edge and On-Device by Application
5.9 Edge Unit Shipments and Silicon Content
5.10 Market by Architecture
5.11 Segment Growth Summary
5.12 Scenario Analysis
5.13 Reconciliation with Other Future Markets Reports and Third-Party Estimates
6 DATA CENTER INFERENCE MARKET ANALYSIS
6.1 Hyperscaler Inference Strategies (Google, AWS, Microsoft, Meta, Oracle)
6.2 Frontier Labs as Silicon Buyers (OpenAI, Anthropic, xAI)
6.3 Neoclouds and Inference-as-a-Service
6.4 Sovereign and National AI Facilities
6.5 Enterprise On-Premise Inference
6.6 Total Cost of Ownership: GPU vs ASIC vs Challenger
6.7 Procurement Behavior and Contract Structures
7 EDGE AND ON-DEVICE INFERENCE MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 Smartphones
7.2 AI PCs and Workstations
7.3 Automotive
7.4 Robotics and Physical AI
7.5 Industrial and Machine Vision
7.6 Smart Cameras, Video Analytics and Smart Cities
7.7 Wearables, XR, Smart Home and Consumer IoT
7.8 Edge Infrastructure: Telco MEC and On-Site Servers
7.9 Edge versus Cloud: Where Inference Will Run
8 REGIONAL MARKET ANALYSIS
8.1 Regional Overview
8.2 North America
8.3 China
8.4 Europe
8.5 Asia-Pacific (ex-China)
8.6 Middle East and Africa
8.7 Latin America
9 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
9.1 Market Structure and Concentration
9.2 Market Shares by Vendor
9.3 NVIDIA's Inference Position and Response
9.4 AMD, Intel, Qualcomm and Other Diversified Vendors
9.5 Challenger Landscape by Segment
9.6 Strategic Partnerships and Ecosystems
9.7 Competitive Positioning Matrix
10 INVESTMENT, FUNDING, M&A AND EXITS
10.1 Venture Capital Deal Activity
10.2 Deal Sizes and Valuations
10.3 Capital Efficiency
10.4 Major Funding Rounds 2025-2026
10.5 Exits: IPOs and Acquisitions
10.6 Hyperscaler and Corporate Strategic Investment
10.7 Due Diligence Framework for Investors
11 SUPPLY CHAIN
11.1 Value Chain Overview
11.2 Foundry
11.3 Memory Suppliers
11.4 Advanced Packaging and OSAT
11.5 IP, EDA and Design Services
11.6 Systems and ODMs
11.7 Supply Chain Risks
12 MARKET OUTLOOK
12.1 Outlook 2027-2037
12.2 Key Risks
12.3 Opportunities
12.4 Recommendations
13 COMPANY PROFILES (125 company profiles)
14 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
14.1 Objectives and Scope
14.2 Market Definition and Allocation Rules
14.3 Consistency with the Future Markets Catalogue
14.4 Primary and Secondary Research
14.5 Forecast Approach
14.6 Conventions and Limitations
15 GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
16 REFERENCES

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List of Tables/Graphs

List of Tables TABLE 1 Market Scope at a Glance TABLE 2 Headline Forecast Summary, AI Inference Chip Market (US$ Billions) TABLE 3 Data Center vs Edge Share of AI Inference Chip Revenue, 2024-2037 (%) TABLE 4 Key 2025-2026 Funding, IPO and M&A Events in Inference Silicon TABLE 5 Ten Predictions for the AI Inference Chip Market, 2027-2037 TABLE 6 Strategic Implications for Chip Vendors, Hyperscalers, OEMs and Investors TABLE 7 Training vs. Inference Workload Characteristics TABLE 8 Illustrative KV Cache Footprint by Model Architecture and Context Length TABLE 9 Prefill vs. Decode Hardware Requirements TABLE 10 Key Inference Metrics and Definitions TABLE 11 Market Scope - Included and Excluded Items TABLE 12 Segmentation Framework Used in This Report TABLE 13 Milestones in AI Inference Silicon, 2015-2026 TABLE 14 Global Data Center Power Demand by Workload, 2025-2030 (GW) TABLE 15 Token Volume and Agentic AI Demand Indicators, 2024-2030 TABLE 16 Inference Cost per Million Output Tokens by Model Class and Hardware, 2024-2040 (US$) TABLE 17 Inference Cost Breakdown by Infrastructure Component, 2025 (% of Delivered Cost per Token) TABLE 18 Selected Token-Economics Claims by Inference Silicon Suppliers, 2025-2026 TABLE 19 Memory Bandwidth and Capacity Requirements by Model Class TABLE 20 Power-Related Constraints and Their Impact on Inference Chip Design TABLE 21 Disaggregated Serving Approaches TABLE 22 Inference Software Stacks by Vendor TABLE 23 Selected Sovereign AI Programs and Inference Silicon Implications TABLE 24 Edge AI Drivers and Their Impact on Silicon TABLE 25 Export Control Timeline Affecting Inference Chips, 2022-2026 TABLE 26 Market Restraints - Impact Assessment TABLE 27 Data-Center GPU Specifications for Inference (NVIDIA, AMD, Intel), 2024-2027 TABLE 28 Hyperscaler Inference ASIC Specifications TABLE 29 Merchant Inference Accelerator Benchmarking TABLE 30 In-Memory and Near-Memory Computing Approaches Compared TABLE 31 Numeric Formats for Inference TABLE 32 Photonic Inference Compute Developers and Status TABLE 33 Neuromorphic Processors for Inference TABLE 34 Smartphone and PC NPU Performance, 2024-2026 TABLE 35 Discrete Edge AI Accelerator Comparison TABLE 36 Memory Technology Roadmap for Inference TABLE 37 Packaging Technologies for Inference Accelerators TABLE 38 Scale-Up Interconnect Comparison TABLE 39 Leading-Edge Process Nodes for Inference Silicon TABLE 40 Rack-Scale Inference Systems Compared TABLE 41 Compiler and Runtime Approaches of Challenger Vendors TABLE 42 Technology Readiness Levels of Inference Architectures TABLE 43 Inference Silicon Technology Roadmap, 2027-2037 TABLE 44 Inference Share of Accelerator Revenue by Chip Class, Selected Years TABLE 45 Key Forecast Assumptions TABLE 46 Global AI Inference Chip Market, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) TABLE 47 Data Center AI Inference Chip Revenue by Chip Type, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) TABLE 48 Merchant GPU Revenue Attributable to Inference, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) TABLE 49 Hyperscaler Custom ASIC Inference Revenue by Program, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) TABLE 50 Merchant, Chinese Domestic and Novel-Architecture Inference Accelerator Revenue, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) TABLE 51 Data Center & Infrastructure Inference Chip Revenue by Deployment Location, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) TABLE 52 Data Center Inference Chip Revenue by Workload, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) TABLE 53 Data Center Inference Chip Revenue by Memory Architecture, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) TABLE 54 Data Center Inference Accelerator Shipments and Blended ASP, 2024-2037 TABLE 55 Edge & On-Device AI Inference Chip Revenue by Application, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) TABLE 56 Edge AI Inference Chip Unit Shipments by Application, 2024-2037 (Million Units) TABLE 57 Average AI Silicon Value per Edge Device by Application, 2025-2037 (US$ per Unit) TABLE 58 Global AI Inference Chip Revenue by Architecture, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) TABLE 59 Segment Growth Summary, 2027-2037 (US$ Billions, CAGR) TABLE 60 AI Inference Chip Market Scenarios: Bear, Base and Bull, 2026-2037 (US$ Billions) TABLE 61 Scenario Drivers and Assumptions TABLE 62 Comparison of AI Inference Chip Market Estimates TABLE 63 Data Center Inference Chip Revenue Share by Deployment Location, 2025-2037 TABLE 64 Hyperscaler Inference Silicon Strategies TABLE 65 Frontier Lab Compute Agreements, 2025-2026 TABLE 66 Neocloud and Inference-API Providers and Their Silicon TABLE 67 Sovereign AI Facilities and Their Inference Silicon Choices TABLE 68 Enterprise On-Premise Inference Platforms TABLE 69 Illustrative TCO Comparison per Million Tokens (Mid-Tier Model, 2026 Basis) TABLE 70 Illustrative Sensitivity of Cost per Million Tokens to Fleet Utilization TABLE 71 Inference Compute Procurement Structures and Their Implications TABLE 72 Edge and On-Device Inference Segments at a Glance TABLE 73 Flagship Smartphone AI Processors, 2025-2026 TABLE 74 AI PC Platforms, 2025-2026 TABLE 75 AI PC and Total PC Shipment Forecasts Compared TABLE 76 Mobileye ADAS and Autonomy ASP Ladder, 2026 TABLE 77 Automotive AI SoCs TABLE 78 Robotics Compute Platforms TABLE 79 Industrial Edge AI Silicon, Selected Products TABLE 80 Smart Camera and Video Analytics AI Silicon TABLE 81 Edge Infrastructure Inference Platforms TABLE 82 Workload Placement Decision Factors TABLE 83 Indicative Primary Placement of Inference Workloads, 2026 and 2032 TABLE 84 Global AI Inference Chip Revenue by Region, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) TABLE 85 AI Inference Chip Revenue by Region and Deployment, 2027 and 2037 (US$ Billions) TABLE 86 Regional Roles in the AI Inference Chip Value Chain TABLE 87 Sovereign and Government AI Processor Demand by Region, 2025-2040 (US$ B) TABLE 88 Regional AI Inference Chip Market Summary, 2027 and 2037 TABLE 89 North America: AI Inference Chip Revenue, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) TABLE 90 North American Inference Silicon Suppliers by Segment TABLE 91 China: AI Inference Chip Revenue, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) TABLE 92 Chinese AI Accelerator Capital Markets Events, 2025-2026 TABLE 93 Chinese Domestic Inference Accelerators TABLE 94 Composition of China's Data Center Inference Revenue, 2025-2037 (US$ B) TABLE 95 Europe: AI Inference Chip Revenue, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) TABLE 96 European Inference Chip Developers TABLE 97 Asia-Pacific (ex-China): AI Inference Chip Revenue, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) TABLE 98 Asia-Pacific (ex-China) Inference Silicon Ecosystem by Country TABLE 99 Middle East & Africa: AI Inference Chip Revenue, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) TABLE 100 Gulf Inference Compute Programs and Silicon Suppliers TABLE 101 Latin America: AI Inference Chip Revenue, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) TABLE 102 Data Center Inference Concentration Indicators, 2025-2037 TABLE 103 Data Center AI Inference Chip Revenue and Share by Vendor/Program, 2025-2037 (US$ Billions, % share) TABLE 104 Change in Data Center Inference Share and Growth by Vendor/Program, 2025-2037 TABLE 105 Inference Silicon Programs of Diversified Vendors, 2026 TABLE 106 Challenger Segments: Representative Companies, Architectural Theses and Status, Q4 2026 TABLE 107 Major Inference Silicon Partnerships, 2024-2026 TABLE 108 Competitive Positioning of Leading Inference Chip Suppliers TABLE 109 Inference AI Chip Venture Capital Deal Activity, 2016-2026 YTD TABLE 110 Inference AI Chip VC Deal Activity by Quarter, Q1 2025-Q3 2026 TABLE 111 Comparison of AI Chip and Inference Chip Funding Trackers, 2025-2026 TABLE 112 Inference AI Chip VC Deal Sizes and Valuations by Stage (US$ Millions) TABLE 113 Valuation Step-Ups at Selected Inference Chip Companies, 2024-2026 TABLE 114 Top Inference AI VC-Backed Companies by Capital Efficiency (as of 30 September 2026) TABLE 115 PitchBook Versus Publicly Announced Funding: Selected Discrepancies TABLE 116 Largest Inference Chip Funding Rounds, 2025-2026 TABLE 117 Inference Chip M&A and IPO Transactions, 2024-2026 TABLE 118 Hyperscaler Strategic Investments and Acquisitions in AI Silicon and Infrastructure TABLE 119 Due Diligence Checklist for Inference Chip Investments TABLE 120 Inference Chip Value Chain and Key Suppliers TABLE 121 Foundry Capacity Relevant to Inference Silicon TABLE 122 HBM Supplier Positions TABLE 123 Design-Services Partners and the Hyperscaler Programs They Serve TABLE 124 Supply Chain Risk Register TABLE 125 Base-Case Milestones in the AI Inference Chip Market, 2026-2037 TABLE 126 Risk Register (Probability/Impact) TABLE 127 Opportunity Map TABLE 128 Summary of Strategic Recommendations by Stakeholder TABLE 129 Companies Profiled in This Report TABLE 130 Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations List of Figures FIGURE 1 Global AI Inference Chip Market, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) FIGURE 2 Global AI Inference Chip Revenue by Architecture, 2024-2037 (%) FIGURE 3 Data Center Inference Chip Market Share by Vendor/Program, 2030 (%) FIGURE 4 Segment CAGR, 2027-2037 (%) FIGURE 5 Taxonomy of AI Inference Silicon FIGURE 6 Global Data Center Power Demand by Workload, 2025-2030 (GW) FIGURE 7 Inference Cost per Million Output Tokens by Model Class and Hardware, 2024-2040 FIGURE 8 Inference Cost Breakdown by Component, 2025 (% of Delivered Cost per Token) FIGURE 9 Data Center AI Inference Chip Revenue by Chip Type, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) FIGURE 10 Data Center Inference Revenue Share by Chip Type, 2024-2037 (%) FIGURE 11 Share of Accelerator Revenue Deployed for Inference, 2024-2037 (%) FIGURE 12 Hyperscaler Custom ASIC Inference Revenue by Program, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) FIGURE 13 Challenger Segments: Inference Accelerator Revenue, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) FIGURE 14 Data Center Inference Revenue by Deployment Location, 2024-2037 (%) FIGURE 15 Data Center Inference Chip Revenue by Workload, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) FIGURE 16 Data Center Inference Revenue by Memory Architecture, 2024-2037 (%) FIGURE 17 Data Center Inference Accelerator Shipments, 2024-2037 (Million Units) FIGURE 18 Edge & On-Device AI Inference Chip Revenue by Application, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) FIGURE 19 Edge Inference Chip Revenue Share by Application, 2024-2037 (%) FIGURE 20 Edge AI Inference Chip Unit Shipments by Application, 2024-2037 (Million Units) FIGURE 21 AI Inference Chip Market Scenarios, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) FIGURE 22 Global AI Inference Chip Revenue by Region, 2024-2037 (US$ Billions) FIGURE 23 AI Inference Chip Market CAGR by Region, 2027-2037 (%) FIGURE 24 Data Center Inference Chip Market Share by Vendor/Program, 2025 (%) FIGURE 25 Data Center Inference Chip Market Share by Vendor/Program, 2037 (%) FIGURE 26 AI Inference Chip Market Map, Q4 2026 FIGURE 27 Inference AI Chip VC Deal Value and Count, 2016-2026 YTD FIGURE 28 Inference AI Chip VC Deal Value by Quarter, 2025-2026 FIGURE 29 Advanced Micro Devices (AMD): AMD Instinct MI300-series accelerator FIGURE 30 Ambarella: Ambarella CV7 vision SoC FIGURE 31 Cerebras Systems: Cerebras Wafer-Scale Engine 3 (WSE-3) FIGURE 32 d-Matrix: d-Matrix Pavehawk 3D-stacked in-memory compute silicon FIGURE 33 DEEPX: DEEPX DX-series NPU FIGURE 34 EnCharge AI: EnCharge AI EN100 M.2 accelerator card FIGURE 35 Etched: Etched Sohu transformer inference board FIGURE 36 FuriosaAI: FuriosaAI first-generation Warboy inference chip FIGURE 37 Google (Alphabet): Google TPU v7 Ironwood accelerators on a server board FIGURE 38 Graphcore (SoftBank): Graphcore Colossus MK2 GC200 IPU FIGURE 39 GreenWaves Technologies: GreenWaves GAP8 and GAP9 processors FIGURE 40 Groq: Groq LPU (originally the Tensor Streaming Processor) FIGURE 41 Hailo: Hailo-10H edge AI accelerator FIGURE 42 Horizon Robotics: Horizon Robotics Journey 5 automotive AI processor FIGURE 43 Innatera Nanosystems: Innatera Pulsar spiking neural processor FIGURE 44 Intel Corporation: Intel Loihi 2 neuromorphic research chip FIGURE 45 Lightmatter: Lightmatter Envise photonic computing chip FIGURE 46 MediaTek: MediaTek Pentonic 2000 smart-TV SoC with integrated AI processing FIGURE 47 Meta Platforms (MTIA): Meta Training and Inference Accelerator (MTIA) FIGURE 48 Microsoft (Maia): Microsoft Azure Maia 100 AI accelerator and Cobalt 100 CPU FIGURE 49 Mythic: Mythic MP10304 quad-AMP PCIe card FIGURE 50 NVIDIA: NVIDIA Rubin platform: Vera CPU, Rubin GPU, NVLink 6 Switch, ConnectX-9 SuperNIC, BlueField-4 DPU and Spectrum-6 Ethernet switch FIGURE 51 Qualcomm: Qualcomm Cloud AI 100 inference accelerator FIGURE 52 SambaNova Systems: SambaNova Cardinal SN10 RDU (first generation) FIGURE 53 SiMa.ai: SiMa.ai MLSoC FIGURE 54 Synaptics: Synaptics Astra SL2610 edge AI processor FIGURE 55 Tenstorrent: Tenstorrent AI accelerator card FIGURE 56 Untether AI (AMD): Untether AI speedAI240 inference chip (product line discontinued after AMD hired the team in 2025)