Summary

Middle East & Africa Copper Market is expected to reach USD 19.41 billion by 2032 from USD 14.05 billion in 2024, growing with a CAGR of 4.2% in the forecast period of 2025 to 2032.
Market Segmentation:
Middle East & Africa Copper Market, By Product Form (Wires, Plates, Sheets, Strips, Rods, Bars and Sections, Tubes, Pipes, Cathodes, Others), Temper (Soft, Half-Hard, Hard-Spring, Extra-Spring), Copper Grade (Pure Coppers, Oxygen Free Coppers, Electrolytic Coppers, Free-Machining Coppers), Copper Processing (Mining, Extraction, Electrorefining, Purification, Alloying, Others), Application (Electrical Wiring, Power Transmission Lines, Cables and Busbars, Heat Exchangers, Electric Vehicles, Motor Parts, Industrial Machinery, Plumbing, Roofing, Solar Panels, Pipes, Architectural Applications, Refrigeration Tubing, High Conductivity Wires, Electrodes, Cooking Utensils, Water-Cooled Copper Crucibles, Spark Plugs, Optical Fibers, Others) End-Use (Construction, Electricals and Electronics, Power and Energy, Infrastructure, Automotive, Industrial Equipment, Equipment Manufacture, Consumer Products, Telecommunications, Transport, Medical, Aerospace , Defense and Others), Country (United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Israel, Egypt, and rest of Middle East and Africa)- Industry Trends and Forecast to 2032

Overview of Middle East & Africa Copper Market Dynamics :

Driver

• Surge in global renewable energy projects increasing copper consumption
• Increasing integration of copper in wind energy systems, solar technologies, and energy storage solutions
• Rapid adoption of electric vehicles (evs) boosting demand for copper-intensive components
• Proliferation of consumer electronics and data centers increasing copper demand
Restraint

• Volatility in copper prices hampers long-term investment planning
• Environmental concerns and regulatory restrictions delay mining operations

Opportunity

• Expansion of 5G infrastructure fuels demand for high-conductivity copper in telecommunications
• Strategic partnerships between mining firms and tech companies ensure sustainable copper sourcing
• Innovations in copper alloys enhance performance in aerospace and defense applications
• Rising investments in infrastructure and smart grid development across emerging economies

Challenges

• labor shortages and skill gaps in mining sectors hinder operational productivity
• Geopolitical instability in copper-producing nations disrupts supply chain reliability

Market Players:

The key market players operating in the Middle East & Africa Copper Market are listed below:

• Jiangxi Copper Corporation
• Codelco
• Glencore
• BHP
• AngloAmerican
• Teck Resources Limited
• Antofagasta plc.
• KGHM
• Rio Tinto
• Freeport-McMoRan
• GRUPO MÉXICO
• Mitsubishi Materials Corporation
• First Quantum Minerals Ltd
• Norilsk Nickel
• Chinalco
• Siemens
• Sarkuysan Bilgi Sistemleri
• Eaton
• thyssenkrupp Materials NA, Inc.
• ABB
• poongsan corporation
• Schneider Electric
• MITSUI MINING & SMELTING CO.,LTD

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Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 88
1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 88
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 88
1.3 OVERVIEW 88
1.4 LIMITATIONS 90
1.5 MARKETS COVERED 91
2 MARKET SEGMENTATION 103
2.1 MARKETS COVERED 103
2.2 GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE 104
2.3 YEARS CONSIDERED FOR THE STUDY 105
2.4 CURRENCY AND PRICING 105
2.5 DBMR TRIPOD DATA VALIDATION MODEL 106
2.6 MULTIVARIATE MODELING 109
2.7 MARKET TIMELINE PRODUCT FORM 109
2.8 PRIMARY INTERVIEWS WITH KEY OPINION LEADERS 110
2.9 DBMR MARKET POSITION GRID 111
2.10 MARKET APPLICATION COVERAGE GRID 113
2.11 DBMR VENDOR SHARE ANALYSIS 114
2.12 SECONDARY SOURCES 115
2.13 ASSUMPTIONS 116
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 117
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 123
4.1 PESTLE ANALYSIS 124
4.2 PORTERS FIVE FORCES 127
4.3 PRODUCTION CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS 128
4.4 IMPORT-EXPORT SCENARIO 130
4.5 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT BY MANUFACTURERS 132
4.6 VENDOR SELECTION CRITERIA 134
4.7 COMPETITOR KEY PRICING ANALYSIS 137
4.8 DIVE INTO DISTRIBUTORS AND OEMS TO UNDERSTAND POTENTIAL OR EXISTING CUSTOMERS NEEDS TO UNDERSTAND POTENTIAL OR EXISTING CUSTOMERS NEEDS & SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS 140
4.8.1 LOGISTICS COST SCENARIO 142
4.8.2 IMPORTANCE OF LOGISTICS SERVICE PROVIDERS 144
4.9 CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO 148
4.9.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 148
4.9.2 INDUSTRY RESPONSE 148
4.9.3 GOVERNMENT’S ROLE 149
4.10 BUYERS INSIGHTS, BY APPLICATION 150
4.11 PRODUCTION CAPACITY FOR TOP COMPANIES 154
4.12 IMPORT-EXPORT SCENARIO 155
4.13 TARIFFS & IMPACT ON THE MARKET 157
4.13.1 CURRENT COPPER TARIFF RATE (S) IN TOP-5 FIVE MAJOR MARKETS 157
4.13.2 OUTLOOK: LOCAL PRODUCTION V/S IMPORT RELIANCE 157
4.13.3 VENDOR SELECTION CRITERIA DYNAMICS 158
4.13.4 IMPACT ON SUPPLY CHAIN 158
4.13.4.1 RAW MATERIAL PROCUREMENT 158
4.13.4.2 MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION 158
4.13.5 IMPACT ON PRICES 159
4.13.6 REGULATORY INCLINATION 159
4.13.6.1 GEOPOLITICAL SITUATION 159
4.14 RAW MATERIAL COVERAGE 160
4.15 MAIN COMPETITORS 162
4.15.1 JIANGXI COPPER CORPORATION 163
4.15.2 SWOT ANALYSIS 165
4.15.3 SWOT ANALYSIS 167
4.15.4 SWOT ANALYSIS 169
5 REGULATION COVERAGE 170
5.1 PRODUCT CODES FOR MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA COPPER INDUSTRY 172
5.2 CERTIFIED STANDARDS 172
5.3 SAFETY STANDARDS 173
5.3.1 MATERIAL HANDLING & STORAGE 174
5.3.2 TRANSPORT & PRECAUTIONS 174
5.3.3 HARAD IDENTIFICATION 174
6 MARKET OVERVIEW 175
6.1 DRIVERS 177
6.1.1 SURGE IN MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS INCREASING COPPER CONSUMPTION 177
6.1.2 RISING INTEGRATION OF COPPER IN EMERGING RENEWABLE INDUSTRIES 178
6.1.3 RAPID ADOPTION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES (EVS) BOOSTING DEMAND FOR COPPER-INTENSIVE COMPONENTS 180
6.1.4 PROLIFERATION OF CONSUMER ELECTRONICS AND DATA CENTERS INCREASING COPPER DEMAND 181
6.2 RESTRAINTS 183
6.2.1 VOLATILITY IN COPPER PRICES HAMPERS LONG-TERM INVESTMENT PLANNING 183
6.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS DELAY MINING OPERATIONS 184
6.3 OPPORTUNITIES 185
6.3.1 EXPANSION OF 5G INFRASTRUCTURE FUELS DEMAND FOR HIGH-CONDUCTIVITY COPPER IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRIES 185
6.3.2 STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN MINING FIRMS AND TECH COMPANIES ENSURE SUSTAINABLE COPPER SOURCING 186
6.3.3 INNOVATIONS IN COPPER ALLOYS ENHANCE PERFORMANCE IN AEROSPACE AND DEFENSE APPLICATIONS 187
6.3.4 RISING INVESTMENTS IN INFRASTRUCTURE AND SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT ACROSS EMERGING ECONOMIES 188
6.4 CHALLENGES 190
6.4.1 LABOR SHORTAGES AND SKILL GAPS IN MINING SECTORS HINDER OPERATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY 190
6.4.2 GEOPOLITICAL INSTABILITY IN COPPER-PRODUCING NATIONS DISRUPTS SUPPLY CHAIN RELIABILITY 190
7 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA COPPER MARKET, BY PRODUCT FORM 192
7.1 OVERVIEW 193
7.2 WIRES 195
7.3 PLATES 195
7.4 SHEETS 196
7.5 STRIPS 196
7.6 RODS 197
7.7 BARS AND SECTIONS 197
7.8 TUBES 198
7.9 PIPES 198
7.10 CATHODES 199
7.11 OTHERS 199
8 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA COPPER MARKET, BY TEMPER 200
8.1 OVERVIEW 201
8.2 SOFT 203
8.3 HALF-HARD 203
8.4 HARD-SPRING 204
8.5 EXTRA-SPRING 204
9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA COPPER MARKET, BY COPPER GRADE 205
9.1 OVERVIEW 206
9.2 PURE COPPERS 208
9.3 OXYGEN FREE COPPERS 208
9.4 ELECTROLYTIC COPPERS 209
9.5 FREE-MACHINING COPPERS 209
10 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA COPPER MARKET, BY COPPER PROCESSING 210
10.1 OVERVIEW 211
10.2 MINING 213
10.3 EXTRACTION 214
10.4 ELECTROREFINING 214
10.5 PURIFICATION 215
10.6 ALLOYING 215
10.7 OTHERS 216
11 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA COPPER MARKET, BY APPLICATION 217
11.1 OVERVIEW 218
11.2 ELECTRICAL WIRING 221
11.3 POWER TRANSMISSION LINES 221
11.4 CABLES AND BUSBARS 222
11.5 HEAT EXCHANGERS 222
11.6 ELECTRIC VEHICLES 223
11.7 MOTOR PARTS 223
11.8 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 224
11.9 PLUMBING 224
11.10 ROOFING 225
11.11 SOLAR PANELS 225
11.12 PIPES 226
11.13 ARCHITECTURAL APPLICATIONS 226
11.14 REFRIGERATION TUBING 227
11.15 HIGH CONDUCTIVITY WIRES 227
11.16 ELECTRODES 228
11.17 COOKING UTENSILS 228
11.18 WATER-COOLED COPPER CRUCIBLES 229
11.19 SPARK PLUGS 229
11.20 OPTICAL FIBERS 230
11.21 OTHERS 230
12 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA COPPER MARKET, BY END-USE 231
12.1 OVERVIEW 232
12.2 CONSTRUCTION 236
12.3 ELECTRICALS AND ELECTRONICS 240
12.4 POWER AND ENERGY 242
12.5 INFRASTRUCTURE 244
12.6 AUTOMOTIVE 247
12.7 INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT 249
12.8 EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURE 252
12.9 CONSUMER PRODUCTS 255
12.10 TELECOMMUNICATIONS 257
12.11 TRANSPORT 259
12.12 MEDICAL 262
12.13 AEROSPACE 264
12.14 DEFENSE 266
12.15 OTHERS 268
13 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA COPPER MARKET, BY REGION 269
13.1 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA 270
13.1.1 SOUTH AFRICA 291
13.1.2 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 308
13.1.3 SAUDI ARABIA 326
13.1.4 EGYPT 343
13.1.5 ISRAEL 360
13.1.6 REST OF MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA 377
14 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA COPPER MARKET, COMPANY LANDSCAPE 378
14.1 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS: MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA
15 SWOT ANALYSIS 379
16 COMPANY PROFILES 380
16.1 JIANGXI COPPER GROUP CO., LTD. 380
16.1.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 380
16.1.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 380
16.1.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 381
16.1.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 381
16.1.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 383
16.2 AURUBIS AG 384
16.2.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 384
16.2.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 384
16.2.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 385
16.2.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 385
16.2.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 387
16.3 CODELCO 388
16.3.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 388
16.3.2 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 388
16.3.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 389
16.3.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 389
16.4 GLENCORE 390
16.4.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 390
16.4.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 390
16.4.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 391
16.4.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 391
16.4.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 391
16.5 BHP 393
16.5.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 393
16.5.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 393
16.5.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 394
16.5.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 394
16.5.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 394
16.6 ABB 395
16.6.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 395
16.6.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 395
16.6.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 396
16.6.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 396
16.7 ALUMINIUM CORP 397
16.7.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 397
16.7.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 397
16.7.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 399
16.8 ANGLO AMERICAN PLC 400
16.8.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 400
16.8.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 400
16.8.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 401
16.8.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT/NEWS 401
16.9 ANTOFAGASTA PLC 403
16.9.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 403
16.9.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 404
16.9.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 404
16.9.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 405
16.10 AVIVA METALS 406
16.10.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 406
16.10.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 406
16.10.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 407
16.11 CECIL 408
16.11.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 408
16.11.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 408
16.11.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 408
16.12 CUNEXT GROUP INDUSTRIES 409
16.12.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 409
16.12.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 409
16.12.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 410
16.13 EATON 411
16.13.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 411
16.13.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 412
16.13.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 412
16.13.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT/NEWS 412
16.14 FIRST QUANTUM MINERALS LTD. 413
16.14.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 413
16.14.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 413
16.14.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 414
16.14.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT/NEWS 414
16.15 FREEPORT-MCMORAN 415
16.15.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 415
16.15.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 415
16.15.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 416
16.15.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 416
16.16 GINDRE 417
16.16.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 417
16.16.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 417
16.16.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 418
16.17 GOLDEN DRAGON PRECISE COPPER TUBE INC, 419
16.17.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 419
16.17.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 419
16.17.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 419
16.18 GRUPO MÉXICO 420
16.18.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 420
16.18.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 420
16.18.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 421
16.18.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 421
16.19 HUSSEY COPPER 422
16.19.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 422
16.19.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 422
16.19.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 423
16.20 IMC 424
16.20.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 424
16.20.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 424
16.20.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 425
16.21 IUSA WIRE, INC 426
16.21.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 426
16.21.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 426
16.21.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 427
16.22 JX ADVANCED METALS CORPORATION (SUBSIDIARY OF ENEOS HOLDINGS) 428
16.22.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 428
16.22.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 429
16.22.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 429
16.22.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 430
16.23 KGHM 431
16.23.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 431
16.23.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 431
16.23.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 432
16.23.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 433
16.24 KME GERMANY GMBH 434
16.24.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 434
16.24.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 434
16.24.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 438
16.25 LUVATA 439
16.25.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 439
16.25.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 439
16.25.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 442
16.26 MITSUBISHI MATERIALS CORPORATION 443
16.26.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 443
16.26.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 443
16.26.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 444
16.26.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT/NEWS 445
16.27 MITSUI MINING & SMELTING CO.,LTD 447
16.27.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 447
16.27.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 447
16.27.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 448
16.27.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 448
16.28 NACOBRE USA 449
16.28.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 449
16.28.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 449
16.28.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 449
16.29 NORILSK NICKEL 450
16.29.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 450
16.29.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 450
16.29.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 451
16.29.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 451
16.30 ORIENTAL COPPER CO., LTD. 453
16.30.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 453
16.30.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 453
16.30.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 455
16.31 PARANAPANEMA INSTITUCIONAL 456
16.31.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 456
16.31.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 456
16.31.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 457
16.31.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 458
16.32 POONGSAN CORPORATION 459
16.32.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 459
16.32.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 459
16.32.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 460
16.32.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 461
16.33 REVERE COPPER PRODUCTS INC. 462
16.33.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 462
16.33.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 462
16.33.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 463
16.34 RIO TINTO 464
16.34.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 464
16.34.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 464
16.34.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 465
16.34.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 465
16.35 SAM DONG CO, LTD. 467
16.35.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 467
16.35.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 467
16.35.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 467
16.36 SARKUYSAN BILGI SISTEMLERI 468
16.36.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 468
16.36.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 468
16.36.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 469
16.36.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 469
16.37 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC 470
16.37.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 470
16.37.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 470
16.37.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 471
16.37.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT/NEWS 471
16.38 SIEMENS 473
16.38.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 473
16.38.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 473
16.38.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 474
16.38.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 474
16.39 SOFIA MED 475
16.39.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 475
16.39.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 475
16.39.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT/NEWS 476
16.40 SOUTHWIRE COMPANY, LLC 477
16.40.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 477
16.40.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 477
16.40.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 478
16.41 SUMITOMO METAL MINING CO., LTD. 479
16.41.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 479
16.41.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 479
16.41.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 480
16.41.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 480
16.42 TECK RESOURCES LIMITED 482
16.42.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 482
16.42.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 482
16.42.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 483
16.42.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 483
16.43 TECNOFIL 485
16.43.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 485
16.43.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 485
16.43.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 487
16.44 TERMOMECANICA - SÃO PAULO S.A. 488
16.44.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 488
16.44.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 488
16.44.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 488
16.45 THYSSENKRUPP MATERIALS NA, INC. 489
16.45.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 489
16.45.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 489
16.45.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 490
16.46 UNIVERTICAL 491
16.46.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 491
16.46.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 491
16.46.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 492
16.47 VALE 493
16.47.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 493
16.47.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 493
16.47.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 494
16.47.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 494
16.48 WIELAND 496
16.48.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 496
16.48.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 496
16.48.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 497
17 QUESTIONNAIRE 499
18 RELATED REPORTS 503