Summary

North America Copper Market is expected to reach USD 98.58 billion by 2032 from USD 64.76 billion in 2024, growing with a CAGR of 5.5% in the forecast period of 2025 to 2032.
Market Segmentation:
North America Copper Market, By Product Form (Wires, Plates, Sheets, Strips, Rods, Bars and Sections, Tubes, Pipes, Cathodes, Others), Temper (Soft, Half-Hard, Hard-Spring, Extra-Spring), Copper Grade (Pure Coppers, Oxygen Free Coppers, Electrolytic Coppers, Free-Machining Coppers), Copper Processing (Mining, Extraction, Electrorefining, Purification, Alloying, Others), Application (Electrical Wiring, Power Transmission Lines, Cables and Busbars, Heat Exchangers, Electric Vehicles, Motor Parts, Industrial Machinery, Plumbing, Roofing, Solar Panels, Pipes, Architectural Applications, Refrigeration Tubing, High Conductivity Wires, Electrodes, Cooking Utensils, Water-Cooled Copper Crucibles, Spark Plugs, Optical Fibers, Others) End-Use (Construction, Electricals and Electronics, Power and Energy, Infrastructure, Automotive, Industrial Equipment, Equipment Manufacture, Consumer Products, Telecommunications, Transport, Medical, Aerospace , Defense and Others), Country (U.S., Canada, Mexico) - Industry Trends and Forecast to 2032

Overview of North America Copper Market Dynamics :

Driver

• Surge in global renewable energy projects increasing copper consumption
• Increasing integration of copper in wind energy systems, solar technologies, and energy storage solutions
• Rapid adoption of electric vehicles (evs) boosting demand for copper-intensive components
• Proliferation of consumer electronics and data centers increasing copper demand
Restraint

• Volatility in copper prices hampers long-term investment planning
• Environmental concerns and regulatory restrictions delay mining operations

Opportunity

• Expansion of 5G infrastructure fuels demand for high-conductivity copper in telecommunications
• Strategic partnerships between mining firms and tech companies ensure sustainable copper sourcing
• Innovations in copper alloys enhance performance in aerospace and defense applications
• Rising investments in infrastructure and smart grid development across emerging economies

Challenges

• labor shortages and skill gaps in mining sectors hinder operational productivity
• Geopolitical instability in copper-producing nations disrupts supply chain reliability

Market Players:

The key market players operating in the North America Copper Market are listed below:

• Freeport-McMoRan
• Codelco
• Teck Resources Limited
• Aurubis AG
• Jiangxi Copper Corporation
• GRUPO MÉXICO
• AngloAmerican
• Southwire Company, LLC
• Glencore
• Rio Tinto
• Antofagasta plc.
• Mitsubishi Materials Corporation
• BHP
• KGHM
• thyssenkrupp Materials NA, Inc.
• First Quantum Minerals Ltd
• Norilsk Nickel
• Siemens
• Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd.
• Nacobre
• Chinalco
• Sarkuysan Bilgi Sistemleri
• poongsan corporation
• Schneider Electric
• Wieland
• Revere Copper Products Inc.
• ABB
• Eaton
• Hussey Copper (Libertas)
• Vale
• MITSUI MINING & SMELTING CO.,LTD
• Luvata
• Aviva Metals
• Gindre
• Sam Dong Co, Ltd.
• JX Advanced Metals Corporation
• Univertical
• IUSA WIRE, Inc.
• Oriental Copper Co., Ltd.
• IMC
• Tecnofil
• Golden Dragon Precise Copper Tube Group

ページTOPに戻る

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 95
1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 95
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 95
1.3 OVERVIEW 95
1.4 LIMITATIONS 97
1.5 MARKETS COVERED 98
2 MARKET SEGMENTATION 110
2.1 MARKETS COVERED 110
2.2 GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE 111
2.3 YEARS CONSIDERED FOR THE STUDY 112
2.4 CURRENCY AND PRICING 112
2.5 DBMR TRIPOD DATA VALIDATION MODEL 113
2.6 MULTIVARIATE MODELING 116
2.7 MARKET TIMELINE PRODUCT FORM 116
2.8 PRIMARY INTERVIEWS WITH KEY OPINION LEADERS 117
2.9 DBMR MARKET POSITION GRID 118
2.10 MARKET APPLICATION COVERAGE GRID 120
2.11 DBMR VENDOR SHARE ANALYSIS 121
2.12 SECONDARY SOURCES 122
2.13 ASSUMPTIONS 123
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 124
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 130
4.1 PESTLE ANALYSIS 131
4.2 PORTERS FIVE FORCES 134
4.3 PRODUCTION CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS 135
4.4 IMPORT-EXPORT SCENARIO 137
4.5 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT BY MANUFACTURERS 139
4.6 VENDOR SELECTION CRITERIA 141
4.7 COMPETITOR KEY PRICING ANALYSIS 144
4.8 DIVE INTO DISTRIBUTORS AND OEMS TO UNDERSTAND POTENTIAL OR EXISTING CUSTOMERS NEEDS TO UNDERSTAND POTENTIAL OR EXISTING CUSTOMERS NEEDS & SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS 147
4.8.1 LOGISTICS COST SCENARIO 149
4.8.2 IMPORTANCE OF LOGISTICS SERVICE PROVIDERS 151
4.9 CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO 155
4.9.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 155
4.9.2 INDUSTRY RESPONSE 155
4.9.3 GOVERNMENT’S ROLE 156
4.10 BUYERS INSIGHTS, BY APPLICATION 157
4.11 PRODUCTION CAPACITY FOR TOP COMPANIES 161
4.12 IMPORT-EXPORT SCENARIO 162
4.13 TARIFFS & IMPACT ON THE MARKET 164
4.13.1 CURRENT COPPER TARIFF RATE (S) IN TOP-5 FIVE MAJOR MARKETS 164
4.13.2 OUTLOOK: LOCAL PRODUCTION V/S IMPORT RELIANCE 164
4.13.3 VENDOR SELECTION CRITERIA DYNAMICS 165
4.13.4 IMPACT ON SUPPLY CHAIN 165
4.13.4.1 RAW MATERIAL PROCUREMENT 165
4.13.4.2 MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION 165
4.13.5 IMPACT ON PRICES 166
4.13.6 REGULATORY INCLINATION 166
4.13.6.1 GEOPOLITICAL SITUATION 166
4.14 RAW MATERIAL COVERAGE 167
4.15 MAIN COMPETITORS 169
4.15.1 JIANGXI COPPER CORPORATION 170
4.15.2 SWOT ANALYSIS 172
4.15.3 SWOT ANALYSIS 174
4.15.4 SWOT ANALYSIS 176
5 REGULATION COVERAGE 177
5.1 PRODUCT CODES FOR NORTH AMERICA COPPER INDUSTRY 179
5.2 CERTIFIED STANDARDS 179
5.3 SAFETY STANDARDS 180
5.3.1 MATERIAL HANDLING & STORAGE 181
5.3.2 TRANSPORT & PRECAUTIONS 181
5.3.3 HARAD IDENTIFICATION 181
6 MARKET OVERVIEW 182
6.1 DRIVERS 184
6.1.1 SURGE IN NORTH AMERICA RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS INCREASING COPPER CONSUMPTION 184
6.1.2 RISING INTEGRATION OF COPPER IN EMERGING RENEWABLE INDUSTRIES 185
6.1.3 RAPID ADOPTION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES (EVS) BOOSTING DEMAND FOR COPPER-INTENSIVE COMPONENTS 187
6.1.4 PROLIFERATION OF CONSUMER ELECTRONICS AND DATA CENTERS INCREASING COPPER DEMAND 188
6.2 RESTRAINTS 190
6.2.1 VOLATILITY IN COPPER PRICES HAMPERS LONG-TERM INVESTMENT PLANNING 190
6.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS DELAY MINING OPERATIONS 191
6.3 OPPORTUNITIES 192
6.3.1 EXPANSION OF 5G INFRASTRUCTURE FUELS DEMAND FOR HIGH-CONDUCTIVITY COPPER IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRIES 192
6.3.2 STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN MINING FIRMS AND TECH COMPANIES ENSURE SUSTAINABLE COPPER SOURCING 193
6.3.3 INNOVATIONS IN COPPER ALLOYS ENHANCE PERFORMANCE IN AEROSPACE AND DEFENSE APPLICATIONS 194
6.3.4 RISING INVESTMENTS IN INFRASTRUCTURE AND SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT ACROSS EMERGING ECONOMIES 195
6.4 CHALLENGES 197
6.4.1 LABOR SHORTAGES AND SKILL GAPS IN MINING SECTORS HINDER OPERATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY 197
6.4.2 GEOPOLITICAL INSTABILITY IN COPPER-PRODUCING NATIONS DISRUPTS SUPPLY CHAIN RELIABILITY 197
7 NORTH AMERICA COPPER MARKET, BY PRODUCT FORM 199
7.1 OVERVIEW 200
7.2 WIRES 202
7.3 PLATES 202
7.4 SHEETS 203
7.5 STRIPS 203
7.6 RODS 204
7.7 BARS AND SECTIONS 204
7.8 TUBES 205
7.9 PIPES 205
7.10 CATHODES 206
7.11 OTHERS 206
8 NORTH AMERICA COPPER MARKET, BY TEMPER 207
8.1 OVERVIEW 208
8.2 SOFT 210
8.3 HALF-HARD 210
8.4 HARD-SPRING 211
8.5 EXTRA-SPRING 211
9 NORTH AMERICA COPPER MARKET, BY COPPER GRADE 212
9.1 OVERVIEW 213
9.2 PURE COPPERS 215
9.3 OXYGEN FREE COPPERS 215
9.4 ELECTROLYTIC COPPERS 216
9.5 FREE-MACHINING COPPERS 216
10 NORTH AMERICA COPPER MARKET, BY COPPER PROCESSING 217
10.1 OVERVIEW 218
10.2 MINING 220
10.3 EXTRACTION 221
10.4 ELECTROREFINING 221
10.5 PURIFICATION 222
10.6 ALLOYING 222
10.7 OTHERS 223
11 NORTH AMERICA COPPER MARKET, BY APPLICATION 224
11.1 OVERVIEW 225
11.2 ELECTRICAL WIRING 228
11.3 POWER TRANSMISSION LINES 228
11.4 CABLES AND BUSBARS 229
11.5 HEAT EXCHANGERS 229
11.6 ELECTRIC VEHICLES 230
11.7 MOTOR PARTS 230
11.8 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 231
11.9 PLUMBING 231
11.10 ROOFING 232
11.11 SOLAR PANELS 232
11.12 PIPES 233
11.13 ARCHITECTURAL APPLICATIONS 233
11.14 REFRIGERATION TUBING 234
11.15 HIGH CONDUCTIVITY WIRES 234
11.16 ELECTRODES 235
11.17 COOKING UTENSILS 235
11.18 WATER-COOLED COPPER CRUCIBLES 236
11.19 SPARK PLUGS 236
11.20 OPTICAL FIBERS 237
11.21 OTHERS 237
12 NORTH AMERICA COPPER MARKET, BY END-USE 238
12.1 OVERVIEW 239
12.2 CONSTRUCTION 243
12.3 ELECTRICALS AND ELECTRONICS 247
12.4 POWER AND ENERGY 249
12.5 INFRASTRUCTURE 251
12.6 AUTOMOTIVE 254
12.7 INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT 256
12.8 EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURE 259
12.9 CONSUMER PRODUCTS 262
12.10 TELECOMMUNICATIONS 264
12.11 TRANSPORT 266
12.12 MEDICAL 269
12.13 AEROSPACE 271
12.14 DEFENSE 273
12.15 OTHERS 275
13 NORTH AMERICA COPPER MARKET, BY REGION 276
13.1 NORTH AMERICA 277
13.1.1 U.S. 301
13.1.2 CANADA 320
13.1.3 MEXICO 339
14 NORTH AMERICA COPPER MARKET, COMPANY LANDSCAPE 358
14.1 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS: GLOBAL 358
15 SWOT ANALYSIS 359
16 COMPANY PROFILES 360
16.1 JIANGXI COPPER GROUP CO., LTD. 360
16.1.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 360
16.1.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 360
16.1.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 361
16.1.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 361
16.1.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 363
16.2 AURUBIS AG 364
16.2.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 364
16.2.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 364
16.2.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 365
16.2.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 365
16.2.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 367
16.3 CODELCO 368
16.3.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 368
16.3.2 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 368
16.3.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 369
16.3.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 369
16.4 GLENCORE 370
16.4.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 370
16.4.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 370
16.4.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 371
16.4.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 371
16.4.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 371
16.5 BHP 373
16.5.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 373
16.5.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 373
16.5.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 374
16.5.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 374
16.5.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 374
16.6 ABB 375
16.6.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 375
16.6.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 375
16.6.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 376
16.6.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 376
16.7 ALUMINIUM CORP 377
16.7.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 377
16.7.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 377
16.7.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 379
16.8 ANGLO AMERICAN PLC 380
16.8.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 380
16.8.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 380
16.8.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 381
16.8.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT/NEWS 381
16.9 ANTOFAGASTA PLC 383
16.9.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 383
16.9.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 384
16.9.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 384
16.9.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 385
16.10 AVIVA METALS 386
16.10.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 386
16.10.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 386
16.10.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 387
16.11 CECIL 388
16.11.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 388
16.11.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 388
16.11.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 388
16.12 CUNEXT GROUP INDUSTRIES 389
16.12.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 389
16.12.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 389
16.12.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 390
16.13 EATON 391
16.13.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 391
16.13.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 392
16.13.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 392
16.13.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT/NEWS 392
16.14 FIRST QUANTUM MINERALS LTD. 393
16.14.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 393
16.14.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 393
16.14.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 394
16.14.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT/NEWS 394
16.15 FREEPORT-MCMORAN 395
16.15.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 395
16.15.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 395
16.15.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 396
16.15.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 396
16.16 GINDRE 397
16.16.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 397
16.16.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 397
16.16.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 398
16.17 GOLDEN DRAGON PRECISE COPPER TUBE INC, 399
16.17.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 399
16.17.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 399
16.17.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 399
16.18 GRUPO MÉXICO 400
16.18.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 400
16.18.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 400
16.18.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 401
16.18.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 401
16.19 HUSSEY COPPER 402
16.19.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 402
16.19.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 402
16.19.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 403
16.20 IMC 404
16.20.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 404
16.20.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 404
16.20.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 405
16.21 IUSA WIRE, INC 406
16.21.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 406
16.21.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 406
16.21.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 407
16.22 JX ADVANCED METALS CORPORATION (SUBSIDIARY OF ENEOS HOLDINGS) 408
16.22.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 408
16.22.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 409
16.22.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 409
16.22.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 410
16.23 KGHM 411
16.23.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 411
16.23.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 411
16.23.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 412
16.23.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 413
16.24 KME GERMANY GMBH 414
16.24.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 414
16.24.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 414
16.24.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 418
16.25 LUVATA 419
16.25.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 419
16.25.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 419
16.25.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 422
16.26 MITSUBISHI MATERIALS CORPORATION 423
16.26.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 423
16.26.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 423
16.26.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 424
16.26.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT/NEWS 425
16.27 MITSUI MINING & SMELTING CO.,LTD 427
16.27.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 427
16.27.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 427
16.27.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 428
16.27.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 428
16.28 NACOBRE USA 429
16.28.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 429
16.28.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 429
16.28.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 429
16.29 NORILSK NICKEL 430
16.29.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 430
16.29.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 430
16.29.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 431
16.29.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 431
16.30 ORIENTAL COPPER CO., LTD. 433
16.30.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 433
16.30.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 433
16.30.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 435
16.31 PARANAPANEMA INSTITUCIONAL 436
16.31.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 436
16.31.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 436
16.31.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 437
16.31.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 438
16.32 POONGSAN CORPORATION 439
16.32.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 439
16.32.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 439
16.32.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 440
16.32.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 441
16.33 REVERE COPPER PRODUCTS INC. 442
16.33.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 442
16.33.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 442
16.33.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 443
16.34 RIO TINTO 444
16.34.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 444
16.34.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 444
16.34.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 445
16.34.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 445
16.35 SAM DONG CO, LTD. 447
16.35.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 447
16.35.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 447
16.35.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 447
16.36 SARKUYSAN BILGI SISTEMLERI 448
16.36.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 448
16.36.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 448
16.36.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 449
16.36.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 449
16.37 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC 450
16.37.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 450
16.37.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 450
16.37.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 451
16.37.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT/NEWS 451
16.38 SIEMENS 453
16.38.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 453
16.38.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 453
16.38.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 454
16.38.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 454
16.39 SOFIA MED 455
16.39.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 455
16.39.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 455
16.39.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT/NEWS 456
16.40 SOUTHWIRE COMPANY, LLC 457
16.40.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 457
16.40.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 457
16.40.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 458
16.41 SUMITOMO METAL MINING CO., LTD. 459
16.41.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 459
16.41.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 459
16.41.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 460
16.41.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 460
16.42 TECK RESOURCES LIMITED 462
16.42.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 462
16.42.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 462
16.42.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 463
16.42.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 463
16.43 TECNOFIL 465
16.43.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 465
16.43.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 465
16.43.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 467
16.44 TERMOMECANICA - SÃO PAULO S.A. 468
16.44.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 468
16.44.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 468
16.44.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 468
16.45 THYSSENKRUPP MATERIALS NA, INC. 469
16.45.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 469
16.45.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 469
16.45.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 470
16.46 UNIVERTICAL 471
16.46.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 471
16.46.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 471
16.46.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 472
16.47 VALE 473
16.47.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 473
16.47.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 473
16.47.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 474
16.47.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/NEWS 474
16.48 WIELAND 476
16.48.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 476
16.48.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 476
16.48.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 477
17 QUESTIONNAIRE 479
18 RELATED REPORTS 483