Summary

The Global Advanced Nuclear Market 2027-2047 is a comprehensive assessment of the technologies, companies and capital reshaping nuclear energy as the sector moves from announcement to execution. It covers three converging segments: small modular reactors, nuclear fusion, and emerging advanced nuclear technologies including molten salt, high-temperature gas-cooled, lead- and sodium-cooled fast reactors, microreactors, advanced fuel cycles, integrated energy systems and AI-enabled plant operations.

The two years to the 2027 base date reset the sector's starting position. The first US construction permit for a commercial non-light-water reactor in over four decades was issued; the first pure-play advanced reactor developer completed a billion-dollar IPO; the first fusion company listed on public markets; and a single European vendor swept every competitively tendered SMR selection process in the United Kingdom, Sweden and the Czech Republic. Hyperscale technology companies have become the most important new class of nuclear offtaker, with multi-gigawatt commitments now anchoring project pipelines across North America and Europe.

The report quantifies market size by reactor type, application and region across a five-point series to 2047, with capacity, investment and cost trajectories under multiple deployment scenarios. It examines the shift in the binding constraint from licensing to supply chain, covering forgings, pressure vessels and HALEU/TRISO fuel availability, and assesses the delivery-model progression from onsite construction through shipyard manufacturing to design-for-manufacture-and-assembly.

Coverage includes regulatory frameworks across all major jurisdictions, economic and environmental impact analysis, competitive positioning, business models, and investment landscape analysis spanning venture capital, public markets, sovereign wealth and utility equity. Fusion is treated as an option on the post-2040 energy system rather than a base-case contributor.

Contents include:

• Executive summary - market opportunity and scale, industrial application requirements and market segmentation, market access scenarios and deployment pathways, regional market access, top industrial markets and timeline, critical market drivers, delivery models and manufacturing innovation, industrial energy challenges and case studies, competitive position, pathway to market transformation, policy and economic framework
• Nuclear Small Modular Reactors (SMR) - introduction; definition and characteristics; market forecast and access scenarios; market drivers for industrial deployment; technological trends and technology analysis; regulatory landscape, framework and licensing; established nuclear technologies; history and evolution of SMR technology; advantages and disadvantages; comparison with traditional reactors; industrial technical requirements and SMR capabilities; current designs and projects; types of SMRs; applications; safety; market challenges; global energy landscape; SMR market analysis and competitive landscape; economic, environmental and social impact; policy and government initiatives; challenges and opportunities; future outlook and scenarios; case studies; investment analysis; company profiles
• Nuclear Fusion - market overview and introduction; the fusion energy market; key technologies; materials and components; business models; future outlook and strategic opportunities; company profiles
• Emerging Advanced Nuclear Technologies - advanced reactor concepts; energy conversion; specialized reactor applications; advanced fuel cycles; AI and digital technologies; integrated energy systems; technology readiness and investment landscape; market value and investment requirements; company profiles
• Appendices and references

Companies profiled include: Aalo Atomics, Acceleron Fusion, Anubal Fusion, ARC Clean Technology, Astral Systems, Avalanche Energy, Blue Capsule, Blue Laser Fusion, Blykalla, BWX Technologies, BWXT Advanced Technologies, China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC), Commonwealth Fusion Systems, Copenhagen Atomics, Deep Fission, Deutelio AG, EDF, Electric Fusion Systems, Energy Singularity, ENN Science and Technology Development, Ex-Fusion, First Light Fusion, Flibe Energy, Focused Energy, Fuse Energy, GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy, General Atomics, General Fusion, HB11 Energy, Helical Fusion, Helicity Space, Helion Energy, Hexana, HHMAX-Energy, Holtec International, Hylenr, Inertia Enterprises, Kairos Power, and more.

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Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 Market Opportunity and Scale
1.2 Industrial Application Requirements and Market Segmentation
1.3 Market Access Scenarios and Deployment Pathways
1.4 Regional Market Access Analysis
1.5 Top Industrial Markets and Deployment Timeline
1.6 Critical Market Drivers and Transformation Requirements
1.7 Advanced Nuclear Delivery Models and Manufacturing Innovation
1.8 Current Industrial Energy Challenges
1.9 Industrial Nuclear Energy Case Studies
1.10 Competitive Position and Strategic Implications
1.11 Pathway to Market Transformation
1.12 Policy and Economic Framework
2 NUCLEAR SMALL MODULAR REACTORS (SMR)
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Market Forecast
2.3 Market Drivers for Industrial Deployment
2.4 Technological Trends
2.5 Regulatory Landscape
2.6 Definition and Characteristics of SMRs
2.7 Established nuclear technologies
2.8 History and Evolution of SMR Technology
2.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of SMRs
2.10 Comparison with Traditional Nuclear Reactors
2.11 Market Access Scenarios
2.12 Industrial Technical Requirements and SMR Capabilities
2.13 Current SMR reactor designs and projects
2.14 Types of SMRs
2.15 Applications of SMRs
2.16 Market challenges
2.17 Safety of SMRs
2.18 Global Energy Landscape and the Role of SMRs
2.19 Technology Analysis
2.20 Regulatory Framework and Licensing
2.21 SMR Market Analysis
2.22 Competitive Landscape
2.23 Economic Impact Analysis
2.24 Environmental and Social Impact
2.25 Policy and Government Initiatives
2.26 Challenges and Opportunities
2.27 Future Outlook and Scenarios
2.28 Case Studies
2.29 Investment Analysis
2.30 SMR Company Profiles (33 company profiles)
3 NUCLEAR FUSION
3.1 Market Overview
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Nuclear Fusion Energy Market
3.4 Key Technologies
3.5 Materials and Components
3.6 Business Models and Nuclear Fusion Energy
3.7 Future Outlook and Strategic Opportunities
3.8 Fusion Energy Company Profiles (47 company profiles)
4 EMERGING ADVANCED NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES
4.1 Advanced Reactor Concepts
4.2 Energy Conversion
4.3 Specialized Reactor Applications
4.4 Advanced Fuel Cycles
4.5 AI and Digital Technologies
4.6 Integrated Energy Systems
4.7 Technology Readiness and Investment Landscape
4.8 Market Value and Investment Requirements
4.9 Company profiles (9 company profiles)
5 APPENDICES
5.1 Research Methodology
6 REFERENCES

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List of Tables/Graphs

List of Tables TABLE 1 Regional Market Potential Analysis TABLE 2 Industrial Sector Technical Requirements Analysis TABLE 3 Market Driver Evolution Matrix TABLE 4 Nuclear Delivery Model Evolution TABLE 5 Forces Driving Industrial Nuclear Adoption TABLE 6 Active Industrial SMR Projects (North America & Europe) TABLE 7 Demand Scenarios: Policy Framework and Economic Conditions TABLE 8 Comparative Policy Support Levels. TABLE 9 Policy Evolution Assumptions (2027-2050). TABLE 10 Regional Policy Context. TABLE 11 Motivation for Adopting SMRs. TABLE 12 Generations of nuclear technologies. TABLE 13 SMR Construction Economics. TABLE 14 Cost of Capital for SMRs vs. Traditional NPP Projects. TABLE 15 Comparative Costs of SMRs with Other Types. TABLE 16 SMR Benefits. TABLE 17 SMR Technical Capability by Reactor Type TABLE 18 SMR Energy Technology Comparison for Industrial Applications TABLE 19 Land Use Efficiency Comparison (Annual Energy Production per Acre). TABLE 20 Cost Evolution Comparison (2027-2050). TABLE 21 Top Industrial Sectors for SMR Deployment (by 2050) TABLE 22 SMR Market Growth Trajectory, 2027-2047. TABLE 23 SMR Market Potential by Region (Announced Pledges Scenario, 2050) TABLE 24 Top SMR Industrial Markets: Detailed Analysis (Transformation + Announced Pledges Scenarios, 2050) TABLE 25 Critical Drivers for SMR Market Transformation TABLE 26 Technological trends in Nuclear Small Modular Reactors (SMR). TABLE 27 Regulatory landscape for Nuclear Small Modular Reactors (SMR). TABLE 28 Designs by generation. TABLE 29 Established nuclear technologies. TABLE 30 Advantages and Disadvantages of SMRs. TABLE 31 Comparison with Traditional Nuclear Reactors. TABLE 32 North America - SMR Accessible Market (GW) TABLE 33 Europe - SMR Accessible Market (GW) TABLE 34 SMR Alignment with Industrial Energy Requirements TABLE 35 SMR Projects TABLE 36 Project Types by Reactor Class. TABLE 37 SMR Technology Benchmarking. TABLE 38 Comparison of SMR Types: LWRs, HTGRs, FNRs, and MSRs. TABLE 39 Types of PWR. TABLE 40 Key Features of Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs). TABLE 41 Comparison of Leading Gen III/III+ Designs TABLE 42 Gen-IV Reactor Designs TABLE 43 Key Features of Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors TABLE 44 Key Features of Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs). TABLE 45 HTGRs- Rankine vs. Brayton vs. Combined Cycle Generation. TABLE 46 Key Features of High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors (HTGRs) TABLE 47 Comparing LMFRs to Other Gen IV Types. TABLE 48 Markets and Applications for SMRs TABLE 49 SMR Applications and Their Market Share, 2027-2047. TABLE 50 Industrial Sector Evaluation Framework. TABLE 51 Development Status. TABLE 52 Pathway Comparison. TABLE 53 Deployment Scenarios Comparison (Announced Pledges, 2050) TABLE 54 Technology Development Status. TABLE 55 Historical Nuclear Ship Experience. TABLE 56 Market Challenges for SMRs TABLE 57 Global Energy Mix Projections, 2027-2047. TABLE 58 Projected Energy Demand (2027-2047). TABLE 59 Key Components and Systems. TABLE 60 Key Safety Features of SMRs. TABLE 61 Advanced Manufacturing Techniques. TABLE 62 Emerging Technologies and Future Developments in SMRs. TABLE 63 SMR Licensing Process Timeline. TABLE 64 SMR Market Size by Reactor Type, 2027-2047. TABLE 65 SMR Market Size by Application, 2027-2047. TABLE 66 SMR Market Size by Region, 2027-2047. TABLE 67 Cost Breakdown of SMR Construction and Operation. TABLE 68 Financing Models for SMR Projects. TABLE 69 Projected SMR Capacity Additions by Region, 2027-2047. TABLE 70 Competitive Strategies in SMR TABLE 71 Nuclear Small Modular Reactor (SMR) Market News 2022-2024. TABLE 72 New Product Developments and Innovations TABLE 73 SMR private investment. TABLE 74 Major SMR Projects and Their Status, 2025. TABLE 75 SMR Deployment Scenarios: FOAK vs. NOAK. TABLE 76 SMR Deployment Timeline, 2027-2047. TABLE 77 Job Creation in SMR Industry by Sector. TABLE 78 Comparison with Other Clean Energy Technologies. TABLE 79 Comparison of Carbon Emissions: SMRs vs. Other Energy Sources. TABLE 80 Carbon Emissions Reduction Potential of SMRs, 2027-2047. TABLE 81 Land Use Comparison: SMRs vs. Traditional Nuclear Plants. TABLE 82 Water Usage Comparison: SMRs vs. Traditional Nuclear Plants. TABLE 83 Government Funding for SMR Research and Development by Country. TABLE 84 Government Initiatives Supporting SMR Development by Country. TABLE 85 National Nuclear Energy Policies. TABLE 86 SMR-Specific Support Programs. TABLE 87 R&D Funding Allocation for SMR Technologies. TABLE 88 International Cooperation Networks in SMR Development. TABLE 89 Export Control and Non-Proliferation Measures. TABLE 90 Technical Challenges in SMR Development and Deployment. TABLE 91 Economic Challenges in SMR Commercialization. TABLE 92 Economies of Scale in SMR Production. TABLE 93 Market Competition: SMRs vs. Other Clean Energy Technologies TABLE 94 Regulatory Challenges for SMR Adoption. TABLE 95 Regulatory Harmonization Efforts for SMRs Globally. TABLE 96 Liability and Insurance Models for SMR Operations. TABLE 97 Social and Political Challenges for SMR Implementation. TABLE 98 Non-Proliferation Measures for SMR Technology. TABLE 99 Waste Management Strategies for SMRs. TABLE 100 Decarbonization Potential of SMRs in Energy Systems. TABLE 101 SMR Applications in Industrial Process Heat. TABLE 102 Off-Grid and Remote Power Solutions Using SMRs. TABLE 103 SMR Market Evolution Scenarios, 2027-2047. TABLE 104 Long-Term Market Projections for SMRs (Beyond 2047). TABLE 105 Potential Disruptive Technologies in Nuclear Energy. TABLE 106 Global Energy Mix Scenarios with SMR Integration, 2045. TABLE 107 ROI Projections for SMR Investments, 2027-2047. TABLE 108 Risk Assessment and Mitigation Strategies. TABLE 109 Comparative Analysis with Other Energy Investments. TABLE 110 Public-Private Partnership Models for SMR Projects TABLE 111 Comparison of Nuclear Fusion Energy with Other Power Sources. TABLE 112 Private and public funding for Nuclear Fusion Energy 2021-2025. TABLE 113 Nuclear Fusion Energy Investment Funding, by company. TABLE 114 Key Materials and Components for Fusion TABLE 115 Commercial Landscape by Reactor Class TABLE 116 Market by Reactor Type. TABLE 117 Applications by Sector. TABLE 118 Fuels in Commercial Fusion. TABLE 119 Commercial Fusion Market by Fuel. TABLE 120 Market drivers for commercialization of nuclear fusion energy. TABLE 121 National strategies in Nuclear Fusion Energy. TABLE 122 Fusion Reaction Types and Characteristics. TABLE 123 Energy Density Advantages of Fusion Reactions. TABLE 124 Q values. TABLE 125 Electricity production pathways from fusion energy. TABLE 126 Engineering efficiency factors. TABLE 127 Heat transfer and power conversion. TABLE 128 Nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. TABLE 129 Pros and cons of fusion and fission. TABLE 130 Safety aspects. TABLE 131 Waste management considerations and radioactivity. TABLE 132 International regulatory developments. TABLE 133 Regional approaches to fusion regulation and policy support. TABLE 134 Reactions in Commercial Fusion TABLE 135 Alternative clean energy sources. TABLE 136 Deployment rate limitations and scaling challenges. TABLE 137 Comparison of magnetic confinement approaches. TABLE 138 Plasma stability and confinement innovations. TABLE 139 Inertial Confinement Technologies TABLE 140 Inertial confinement fusion Manufacturing and scaling barriers. TABLE 141 Commercial viability of inertial confinement fusion energy. TABLE 142 High repetition rate approaches. TABLE 143 Hybrid and Alternative Approaches. TABLE 144 Emerging Alternative Concepts. TABLE 145 Compact fusion approaches. TABLE 146 Comparative advantages and technical challenges. TABLE 147 Aneutronic fusion approaches. TABLE 148 Tritium self-sufficiency challenges for D-T reactors. TABLE 149 Supply chain considerations. TABLE 150 Component manufacturers and specialized suppliers. TABLE 151 Engineering services and testing infrastructure. TABLE 152 Digital twin technology and advanced simulation tools. TABLE 153 AI applications in plasma physics and reactor operation. TABLE 154 Comparative Analysis of Commercial Nuclear Fusion Approaches. TABLE 155 Field-reversed configuration (FRC) developer timelines. TABLE 156 Inertial, magneto-inertial and Z-pinch deployment. TABLE 157 Commercial plant deployment projections, by company. TABLE 158 Pure inertial confinement fusion commercialization. TABLE 159 Public funding for fusion energy research. TABLE 160 Technology approach commercialization sequence. TABLE 161 Fuel cycle development dependencies. TABLE 162 Cost trajectory projections. TABLE 163 Conventional Tokamak versus Spherical Tokamak. TABLE 164 ITER Specifications. TABLE 165 Design principles and advantages over tokamaks. TABLE 166 Stellarator vs. Tokamak Comparative Analysis TABLE 167 Stellarator Commercial development. TABLE 168 Technical principles and design advantages. TABLE 169 Commercial Timeline Assessment. TABLE 170 Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) operating principles. TABLE 171 Inertial Confinement Fusion commercial development. TABLE 172 Inertial Confinement Fusion funding. TABLE 173 Timeline of laser-driven inertial confinement fusion. TABLE 174 Alternative Approaches. TABLE 175 Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF) Technical overview and operating principles. TABLE 176 Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF) commercial development. TABLE 177 Z-pinch fusion Technical principles and operational characteristics. TABLE 178 Z-pinch fusion commercial development. TABLE 179 Commercial Viability Assessment. TABLE 180 Pulsed magnetic fusion commercial development. TABLE 181 Critical Materials for Fusion. TABLE 182 Global Value Chain. TABLE 183 Demand Projections and Manufacturing Bottlenecks for HTC. TABLE 184 First wall challenges and material requirements. TABLE 185 Ceramic, Liquid Metal and Molten Salt Options. TABLE 186 Comparison of solid-state and fluid (liquid metal or molten salt) blanket concepts. TABLE 187 Technology Readiness Level Assessment for Breeder Blanket Materials. TABLE 188 Alternatives to COLEX Process for Enrichment. TABLE 189 Comparison of Lithium Separation Methods. TABLE 190 Competition with Battery Markets for Lithium. TABLE 191 Key Components Summary by Fusion Approach. TABLE 192 Fusion Energy for industrial process heat applications. TABLE 193 Public funding mechanisms and programs. TABLE 194 Corporate investments. TABLE 195 Component and material supply opportunities. TABLE 196 Control system and diagnostic innovations. TABLE 197 High-temperature superconductor (HTS) technology advancements. TABLE 198 Market adoption patterns and penetration rates. TABLE 199 Grid integration and energy market impacts. TABLE 200 Specialized application development paths. TABLE 201 Energy producer partnership strategies. TABLE 202 Technology licensing and commercialization paths. TABLE 203 Risk diversification approaches. TABLE 204 Technical milestone achievement requirements. TABLE 205 Supply chain development imperatives. TABLE 206 Capital Formation Mechanisms. TABLE 207 Accelerator-Driven Systems - Technical Specifications TABLE 208 ADS Market Development Timeline TABLE 209 Traveling Wave Reactor Technical Characteristics TABLE 210 Traveling Wave Reactor Development TABLE 211 TWR Market Scenarios (2040-2070) TABLE 212 Fusion-Fission Hybrid Reactor Characteristics TABLE 213 Fusion-Fission Hybrid Concepts TABLE 214 Fusion-Fission Hybrid Development Roadmap TABLE 215 Direct Energy Conversion Technologies TABLE 216 Next-Generation DEC Systems for Nuclear TABLE 217 Direct Energy Conversion Market Projections TABLE 218 Space Nuclear Power Systems TABLE 219 Space Nuclear System Developers TABLE 220 Space Nuclear Systems Market (2030-2060) TABLE 221 Deep Underground Microreactor Characteristics TABLE 222 Deep Underground Reactor Concepts TABLE 223 Deep Underground Microreactor Applications TABLE 224 Deep Underground Reactor Development Barriers. TABLE 225 Liquid Metal Microreactor Technical Specifications TABLE 226 Liquid Metal Microreactor Companies (2024-2025) TABLE 227 Liquid Metal Microreactor Design Innovations TABLE 228 Liquid Metal Microreactor Market Segments TABLE 229 Liquid Metal Microreactor Deployment Roadmap TABLE 230 Liquid Metal Microreactor Challenges TABLE 231 Advanced Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Technologies TABLE 232 Next-Generation Reprocessing Systems TABLE 233 Advanced Reprocessing Market Projections (2030-2060) TABLE 234 Reprocessing Technology Developers TABLE 235 Impact of Advanced Reprocessing on Waste Management TABLE 236 Thorium vs. Uranium Fuel Cycles Comparison TABLE 237 Thorium-Fueled Reactor Technologies TABLE 238 Active Thorium Fuel Cycle Companies (2024-2025) TABLE 239 Thorium Fuel Cycle Development Barriers TABLE 240 Thorium Fuel Cycle Market Development (2030-2070) TABLE 241 Thorium Deployment Strategies by Region TABLE 242 Long-Lived Actinides in Spent Nuclear Fuel. TABLE 243 Actinide Transmutation Technologies TABLE 244 Technical Requirements for Actinide Burning TABLE 245 Actinide Burning Development Programs TABLE 246 Transmutation Deployment Scenarios TABLE 247 Actinide Burning Infrastructure Investment (2030-2070) TABLE 248 AI Applications in Advanced Nuclear Reactor Design TABLE 249 AI Design Optimization Domains TABLE 250 Levels of Reactor Autonomy TABLE 251 AI in Nuclear - Active Programs (2024-2025) TABLE 252 AI Regulatory Framework Development TABLE 253 AI in Nuclear Market Value (2027-2060) TABLE 254 Quantum Computing Applications in Nuclear Energy TABLE 255 Quantum Computing Hardware Development TABLE 256 Quantum Computing Pilot Programs for Nuclear (2024-2026) TABLE 257 Classical vs. Quantum Digital Twins TABLE 258 Key Quantum Algorithms and Nuclear Applications TABLE 259 Quantum Computing in Nuclear Market Projections TABLE 260 Quantum Computing Barriers for Nuclear Applications TABLE 261 Nuclear Hydrogen Production Technologies TABLE 262 Reactor-Hydrogen Production Compatibility TABLE 263 Nuclear-Hydrogen Integration Projects (2024-2025) TABLE 264 Nuclear-Hydrogen Market Projections (2030-2060) TABLE 265 Nuclear Hydrogen End-Use Markets TABLE 266 Nuclear-Hydrogen Integration Models TABLE 267 Industrial Process Heat Requirements TABLE 268 Nuclear Reactor Suitability for Industrial Applications TABLE 269 Nuclear-Industry Process Heat Projects TABLE 270 Industrial Process Heat Economics - Nuclear vs. Fossil TABLE 271 Integrated Industrial Energy Park Concept (Illustrative Example) TABLE 272 Industrial Process Heat Market Projections (2030-2060) TABLE 273 Industrial Decarbonization via Nuclear by Region TABLE 274 Industrial Nuclear Heat Integration Challenges TABLE 275 Multi-Product Nuclear Energy Center Outputs TABLE 276 Multi-Product Energy Center Configurations TABLE 277 Integrated Nuclear Energy Complex - Technical Specifications (2040 Scenario) TABLE 278 Multi-Product Revenue Streams and Optimization (2040 Scenario) TABLE 279 Real-Time Energy Product Optimization Strategies TABLE 280 Multi-Product Energy Centers - Deployment Projections (2030-2065) TABLE 281 Technologies Enabling Multi-Product Centers TABLE 282 Technology Readiness and Commercialization Timeline Summary TABLE 283 Cumulative Market Value by Technology Area (2027-2060, $ Billions) List of Figures FIGURE 1 Schematic of Small Modular Reactor (SMR) operation. FIGURE 2 Linglong One. FIGURE 3 Nuclear reactor designs. FIGURE 4 Rolls-Royce SMR design. FIGURE 5 Pressurized Water Reactors. FIGURE 6 CAREM reactor. FIGURE 7 Westinghouse Nuclear AP300 Small Modular Reactor. FIGURE 8 Advanced CANDU Reactor (ACR-300) schematic. FIGURE 9 GE Hitachi's BWRX-300. FIGURE 10 The nuclear island of HTR-PM Demo. FIGURE 11 U-Battery schematic. FIGURE 12 TerraPower's Natrium. FIGURE 13 Russian BREST-OD-300. FIGURE 14 Terrestrial Energy's IMSR. FIGURE 15 Moltex Energy's SSR. FIGURE 16 Westinghouse's eVinci. FIGURE 17 GE Hitachi PRISM. FIGURE 18 Leadcold SEALER. FIGURE 19 SCWR schematic. FIGURE 20 SWOT Analysis of the SMR Market. FIGURE 21 Nuclear SMR Value Chain. FIGURE 22 Global SMR Capacity Forecast, 2027-2047. FIGURE 23 SMR Market Penetration in Different Energy Sectors. FIGURE 24 SMR Fuel Cycle Diagram. FIGURE 25 Power plant with small modular reactors. FIGURE 26 Nuclear-Renewable Hybrid Energy System Configurations. FIGURE 27 Technical Readiness Levels of Different SMR Technologies. FIGURE 28 Technology Roadmap (2027-2047). FIGURE 29 NuScale Power VOYGR SMR Power Plant Design. FIGURE 30 China's HTR-PM Demonstration Project Layout. FIGURE 31 Russia's Floating Nuclear Power Plant Schematic. FIGURE 32 ARC-100 sodium-cooled fast reactor. FIGURE 33 ACP100 SMR. FIGURE 34 Deep Fission pressurised water reactor schematic. FIGURE 35 NUWARD SMR design. FIGURE 36 A rendering image of NuScale Power's SMR plant. FIGURE 37 Oklo Aurora Powerhouse reactor. FIGURE 38 Multiple LDR-50 unit plant. FIGURE 39 AP300 Small Modular Reactor. FIGURE 40 The fusion energy process. FIGURE 41 A fusion power plant. FIGURE 42 Experimentally inferred Lawson parameters. FIGURE 43 ITER nuclear fusion reactor. FIGURE 44 Comparing energy density and CO2 emissions of major energy sources. FIGURE 45 Timeline and Development Phases. FIGURE 46 Schematic of a D-T fusion reaction. FIGURE 47 Comparison of conventional tokamak and spherical tokamak. FIGURE 48 Interior of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator. FIGURE 49 Wendelstein 7-X plasma and layer of magnets. FIGURE 50 Z-pinch device. FIGURE 51 Sandia National Laboratory's Z Machine. FIGURE 52 ZAP Energy sheared-flow stabilized Z-pinch. FIGURE 53 Kink instability. FIGURE 54 Helion's fusion generator. FIGURE 55 Tokamak schematic. FIGURE 56 SWOT Analysis of Conventional and Spherical Tokamak Approaches. FIGURE 57 Roadmap for Commercial Tokamak Fusion. FIGURE 58 SWOT Analysis of Stellarator Approach. FIGURE 59 SWOT Analysis of FRC Technology. FIGURE 60 SWOT Analysis of ICF for Commercial Power. FIGURE 61 SWOT Analysis of Magnetized Target Fusion. FIGURE 62 Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF) Roadmap. FIGURE 63 SWOT Analysis of Z-Pinch Reactors. FIGURE 64 SWOT Analysis and Timeline Projections for Pulsed Magnetic Fusion. FIGURE 65 SWOT Analysis of HTS for Fusion. FIGURE 66 Value Chain for Breeder Blanket Materials. FIGURE 67 Lithium-6 isotope separation requirements. FIGURE 68 Commercial Deployment Timeline Projections. FIGURE 69 Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS) Central Solenoid Model Coil (CSMC). FIGURE 70 General Fusion reactor plasma injector. FIGURE 71 Helion Polaris device. FIGURE 72 Novatron's nuclear fusion reactor design. FIGURE 73 Realta Fusion Tandem Mirror Reactor. FIGURE 74 Proxima Fusion Stellaris fusion plant. FIGURE 75 ZAP Energy Fusion Core. FIGURE 76 Liquid-Fluoride Thorium Reactor schematic.