Spark 
					
						Context
					
						Context
					
						Defining PEV Grid Services for Microgrids and VPPs
					
						Vehicle Grid Integration Protects Utilities but Scaling Is Difficult
					
						Added Value of VGI Realized in Microgrids and VPPs
					
						Transforming PEVs from Grid Challenge into Grid Solution
					
						Comparing Utility, Microgrid, and VPP Applications of PEVs
					
						VGI for Microgrids and VPPs Adds Nuance to Value Propositions
					
						Pairing EV Chargers with Stationary Batteries
					
						Microgrid and VPP Case Studies Tapping PEVs as Grid Resources
					
						Microgrids Show Real-World Benefits of VGI
					
						San Diego Zoo, California
					
						Camp Carson, Colorado
					
						Wheeler Army Airfield, Hawaii
					
						Island of Bornholm, Denmark
					
						University of California San Diego, California
					
						VPPs Expand Portfolios of DER Assets to Include PEVs
					
						Green Omni-Terminal Demonstration, Port of Los Angeles, California
					
						General Motors E-Motor Plant, Maryland
					
						Alectra, Ontario
					
						California Independent System Operator and eMotorWerks VPP, California
					
						Jeju Island, South Korea
					
						PEVs Emerge as Viable Enabling Technology for Microgrids and VPPs Within the Next 5 Years
					
						Microgrids as a Solution
					
						Campus/Institutional, Military, and Remote Applications Best Near-Term Opportunities for Microgrids
					
						Incentive Misalignment Hinders PEV Assets from Driving Microgrid Adoption
					
						Standards Can Drive Hardware and Software Suppliers Toward Microgrids
					
						Effects of Microgrids on Utilities and Transmission Grid Operators Still Unclear
					
						VPPs as a Solution
					
						Several Markets Provide Near-Term Market Opportunities for VPPs
					
						Looking Beyond PEVs as Simply Transportation Vehicles
					
						Open Platforms are the Future for Hardware and Software Suppliers
					
						VPPs Provide Upstream Value to Utilities and Transmission Grid Operators
					
						Next Steps in the Energy Cloud Journey for PEVs
					
						PEV Stakeholders Should Explore Standards, New Grid Services, and Energy as a Service
					
						Onsite Synergy with ES and Pioneering Should be the Focus for Microgrid Stakeholders
					
						VPP Stakeholders Should Tap AI, Promote Market Reforms, and Look to DERMS