Summary

The global vitamin K2 market is estimated to be valued at USD 140 million in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 265 million by 2029 at a CAGR of 13.7%. The growth of the Vitamin K2 market is propelled by advancements in research and development. Ongoing studies continue to uncover new health benefits and potential applications for Vitamin K2, thereby expanding its appeal. These emerging benefits contribute to a broader consumer base and create new opportunities for product innovation in the nutraceutical and functional food sectors.
Furthermore, market growth is facilitated by increasing consumer awareness and education. Campaigns and informational resources provided by health organizations and supplement manufacturers have significantly raised awareness about the importance of Vitamin K2. This has led to higher consumer confidence and an uptick in the consumption of Vitamin K2-enriched products. Additionally, the trend towards personalized nutrition, where consumers seek tailored dietary solutions to meet their specific health needs, has spurred demand for Vitamin K2 supplements.
“During the forecast period, the health supplements segment in applications emerges as the dominant segment in the vitamin K2 market.”
This trend is largely driven by the increasing consumer inclination towards preventive healthcare and wellness. As individuals become more aware of the long-term benefits of maintaining bone and cardiovascular health, the demand for effective and reliable supplements has surged. Vitamin K2, known for its crucial role in calcium metabolism and cardiovascular protection, is gaining significant traction among health-conscious consumers.
One of the primary reasons for the dominance of the health supplements segment is the growing body of scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of Vitamin K2. Numerous studies have highlighted its role in promoting bone density and preventing arterial calcification, thereby reducing the risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. These benefits are particularly appealing to aging populations, who are more susceptible to these conditions. As a result, Vitamin K2 supplements have become a popular choice among older adults looking to enhance their health and quality of life.
“Powder & Crystalline form is the dominant market in the vitamin K2 market.”
The powder & crystalline form of Vitamin K2 is emerging as the dominant segment in the Vitamin K2 market, driven by its versatile applications and numerous advantages over other forms. This trend reflects a growing preference for powdered supplements in both the consumer and industrial markets, underscoring the convenience, stability, and efficacy that powdered Vitamin K2 offers.
The factor contributing to the dominance of the powder form in the Vitamin K2 market is its exceptional versatility. Vitamin K2 powder can be easily incorporated into a wide range of products, including dietary supplements, functional foods, and beverages. This adaptability allows manufacturers to create a diverse array of Vitamin K2-enriched products, catering to various consumer preferences and dietary needs. For example, powdered Vitamin K2 can be seamlessly blended into protein shakes, nutritional bars, dairy products, and even baked goods, making it a suitable choice for both health enthusiasts and the general population.
The break-up of the profile of primary participants in the vitamin K2 market:
• By Company Type: Tier 1 – 35%, Tier 2 – 30%, and Tier 3 – 35%
• By Designation: C Level – 22%, Director Level – 33%, Others - 45%
• By Region: North America – 17%, Europe – 26%, Asia Pacific – 38%, and Rest of the World – 19%
Prominent companies include Gnosis by Lesaffre (NattoPharma) (France), Kappa Bioscience AS (Balchem Corp.) (US), J-OIL MILLS INC. (Japan), Novozymes A/S (Denmark), BASF SE (Germany), Sungen Bioscience Co.,Ltd. (China), Vesta Nutra (US), Richen Nutritional Technology Co., Ltd. (China), Menadiona (Spain), and GENOFOCUS (Korea) among others.
Research Coverage:
This research report categorizes the vitamin K2 market by Product Type (MK-4, MK-7), Source (Natural, Synthetic), Form (Capsules & Tablets, Powder & Crystalline, Oils & Liquid), Application (Pharmaceuticals, Functional Food & Beverages, Health Supplements), and Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World).
The report covers information about the key factors, such as drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges impacting the growth of the vitamin K2 market. It also provides a detailed analysis of the major players in the market, including their business overview, products offered, key strategies, partnerships, new product launches, expansions, and acquisitions. Competitive benchmarking of upcoming startups in the vitamin K2 market is covered in this report.
Reasons to buy this report:
The report will help the market leaders/new entrants in this market with information on the closest approximations of the revenue numbers for the overall vitamin K2 market and the subsegments. This report will help stakeholders understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights to position their businesses better and plan suitable go-to-market strategies. The report also helps stakeholders understand the pulse of the market and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
The report provides insights on the following pointers:
• Analysis of key drivers (Growth in health consciousness among consumers and increasing health expenditure, and Increase in research and application of vitamin K2), restraints (Inconsistency in regulatory norms governing vitamin K2, and Price volatility of raw materials), opportunities (Growing demand for natural and functional foods, Demand for personalized nutrition and tailored menaquinone products, and Untapped vitamin K2 applications), and challenges (Lack of consumer awareness regarding benefits specific to vitamin K2, and High research and development costs) influencing the growth of the vitamin K2 market.
• Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new product launches in the vitamin K2 market.
• Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative markets – the report analyses the vitamin K2 market across varied regions.
• Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments in the vitamin K2 market.
• Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, growth strategies, and service offerings of leading players such as Gnosis by Lesaffre (NattoPharma) (France), Kappa Bioscience AS (Balchem Corp.) (US), J-OIL MILLS INC. (Japan), Novozymes A/S (Denmark), BASF SE (Germany), Sungen Bioscience Co.,Ltd. (China), Vesta Nutra (US), Richen Nutritional Technology Co., Ltd. (China), Menadiona (Spain), and GENOFOCUS (Korea), among others in the vitamin K2 market strategies. The report also helps stakeholders understand the vitamin K2 market and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.

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Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION 23
1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 23
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 24
1.2.1 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 25
1.3 STUDY SCOPE 26
1.3.1 MARKET SEGMENTATION 26
1.3.2 REGIONS COVERED 26
1.3.3 YEARS CONSIDERED 27
1.4 UNIT CONSIDERED 27
1.4.1 CURRENCY UNIT 27
1.4.2 VOLUME UNIT 28
1.5 STAKEHOLDERS 28
1.6 RECESSION IMPACT 28
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 29
2.1 RESEARCH DATA 29
2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA 30
2.1.1.1 Key data from secondary sources 30
2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA 30
2.1.2.1 Key data from primary sources 31
2.1.2.2 Key insights from industry experts 31
2.1.2.3 Breakdown of primaries 32
2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 32
2.2.1 TOP-DOWN APPROACH 33
2.2.2 SUPPLY-SIDE ANALYSIS 34
2.2.3 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 35
2.3 DATA TRIANGULATION 36
2.4 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS 37
2.5 LIMITATIONS AND RISK ASSESSMENT 38
2.6 RECESSION IMPACT ANALYSIS 38
2.6.1 RECESSION MACROINDICATORS 38
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 42
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 47
4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN VITAMIN K2 MARKET 47
4.2 NORTH AMERICA: VITAMIN K2 MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE AND KEY COUNTRY 47
4.3 VITAMIN K2 MARKET: SHARE OF MAJOR REGIONAL SUBMARKETS 48
4.4 VITAMIN K2 MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE AND REGION 49
4.5 VITAMIN K2 MARKET, BY APPLICATION FORM 49
4.6 VITAMIN K2 MARKET, BY SOURCE 50
4.7 VITAMIN K2 MARKET, BY APPLICATION 50
5 MARKET OVERVIEW 51
5.1 INTRODUCTION 51
5.2 MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS 51
5.2.1 RISING GDP AND POPULATION 51
5.2.2 RISE IN HEALTH CONCERNS AND DISEASE INCIDENCES 52
5.2.3 INCREASE IN HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURE AND PREVENTIVE HEALTHCARE TRENDS 53
5.3 MARKET DYNAMICS 54
5.3.1 DRIVERS 54
5.3.1.1 Rising health consciousness among consumers 54
5.3.1.2 Growing research and development activities 55
5.3.2 RESTRAINTS 57
5.3.2.1 Inconsistency in regulatory norms 57
5.3.2.2 Price volatility of raw materials 57
5.3.3 OPPORTUNITIES 58
5.3.3.1 Growing demand for natural and plant-based ingredients 58
5.3.3.2 Rising need for personalized nutrition and customized products 58
5.3.3.3 Untapped applications 59
5.3.4 CHALLENGES 59
5.3.4.1 Lack of consumer awareness regarding specific health benefits of Vitamin K2 59
5.3.4.2 High research and development costs 60
6 INDUSTRY TRENDS 61
6.1 INTRODUCTION 61
6.2 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS 61
6.3 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 63
6.3.1 RAW MATERIAL SOURCING 63
6.3.2 MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING 63
6.3.3 PRODUCT FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT 64
6.3.4 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CERTIFICATION 64
6.3.5 MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION 64
6.4 TRADE ANALYSIS 65
6.4.1 EXPORT SCENARIO 65
6.4.2 IMPORT SCENARIO 65
6.4.3 HS CODE FOR VITAMIN K2 WITH PRODUCT DESCRIPTION 68

6.5 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS 80
6.5.1 KEY TECHNOLOGY 80
6.5.1.1 Fermentation technology 80
6.5.2 COMPLEMENTARY TECHNOLOGY 80
6.5.2.1 Encapsulation technology 80
6.5.3 ADJACENT TECHNOLOGY 81
6.5.3.1 Biotechnology 81
6.6 PRICING ANALYSIS 81
6.6.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND BY PRODUCT TYPE 81
6.6.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND, BY REGION 82
6.7 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS 82
6.7.1 DEMAND SIDE 82
6.7.2 SUPPLY SIDE 83
6.8 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMERS’ BUSINESSES 84
6.9 PATENT ANALYSIS 85
6.9.1 LIST OF MAJOR PATENTS 86
6.10 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2024–2025 90
6.11 REGULATORY LANDSCAPE 91
6.11.1 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 91
6.11.1.1 Regulations in North America 93
6.11.1.1.1 US 93
6.11.1.1.2 Canada 93
6.11.1.2 Regulations in Europe 93
6.11.1.3 Regulations in Asia Pacific 93
6.11.1.3.1 China 93
6.11.1.3.2 India 93
6.12 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS 94
6.12.1 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY 95
6.12.2 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS 95
6.12.3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS 95
6.12.4 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS 95
6.12.5 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES 95
6.13 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA 96
6.13.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS 96
6.13.2 BUYING CRITERIA 97
6.14 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 98
6.14.1 ESTABLISHING DISTINCT RECOMMENDED DIETARY INTAKE TO PROMOTE HEALTHIER DIETARY CHOICES 98
6.14.2 ENHANCING ABILITY IN NUTRACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS FOR IMPROVED QUALITY AND EFFICACY 99
6.15 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO 99
7 VITAMIN K2 MARKET, BY FUNCTION 100
7.1 INTRODUCTION 100
7.2 BONE AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH 100
7.2.1 COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH BENEFITS TO DRIVE MARKET 100
7.3 BLOOD HEALTH AND CLOTTING 101
7.3.1 EFFICACY IN MANAGING CLOTTING DISORDERS TO BOOST MARKET GROWTH 101
7.4 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNITY 101
7.4.1 THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL AND IMMUNITY-SUPPORTING PROPERTIES TO SUPPORT MARKET GROWTH 101
7.5 OTHER FUNCTIONS 102
8 VITAMIN K2 MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE 103
8.1 INTRODUCTION 104
8.2 MK-7 106
8.2.1 HIGH BIOAVAILABILITY TO PROPEL MARKET GROWTH 106
8.3 MK-4 108
8.3.1 POTENTIAL BENEFITS IN BONE AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH TO DRIVE MARKET GROWTH 108
9 VITAMIN K2 MARKET, BY APPLICATION FORM 111
9.1 INTRODUCTION 112
9.2 CAPSULES AND TABLETS 113
9.2.1 ABILITY TO CATER TO DIVERSE CONSUMER NEEDS AND PREFERENCES TO DRIVE MARKET 113
9.3 POWDER AND CRYSTALLINE 114
9.3.1 SURGING DEMAND FOR CUSTOMIZABLE DOSAGES AND HIGH PURITY TO PROPEL MARKET GROWTH 114
9.4 LIQUIDS 115
9.4.1 GROWING NEED FOR SUPPLEMENTS WITH ENHANCED BIOAVAILABILITY TO BOOST SEGMENT GROWTH 115
10 VITAMIN K2 MARKET, BY SOURCE 116
10.1 INTRODUCTION 117
10.2 NATURAL ORIGIN 118
10.2.1 INCREASING CONSUMER PREFERENCE FOR NON-GMO SUPPLEMENTS TO BOOST MARKET GROWTH 118
10.3 SYNTHETIC ORIGIN 119
10.3.1 LOW PRODUCTION COST TO DRIVE MARKET 119

11 VITAMIN K2 MARKET, BY APPLICATION 120
11.1 INTRODUCTION 121
11.2 HEALTH SUPPLEMENTS 122
11.2.1 INCREASED AWARENESS REGARDING ASSOCIATED HEALTH BENEFITS TO DRIVE MARKET 122
11.3 FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND BEVERAGES 124
11.3.1 GROWING DEMAND FOR FORTIFIED FUNCTIONAL FOODS TO PROPEL MARKET GROWTH 124
11.4 PHARMACEUTICALS 126
11.4.1 RISING GOVERNMENT INVESTMENTS IN DEVELOPMENT OF NEW FORMULATIONS TO DRIVE MARKET 126
12 VITAMIN K2 MARKET, BY REGION 129
12.1 INTRODUCTION 130
12.2 NORTH AMERICA 132
12.2.1 NORTH AMERICA: RECESSION IMPACT ANALYSIS 137
12.2.2 US 138
12.2.2.1 Growing awareness regarding importance of preventive health measures to drive market 138
12.2.3 CANADA 139
12.2.3.1 Increasing focus on preventive healthcare and natural products to propel market 139
12.2.4 MEXICO 140
12.2.4.1 High prevalence of chronic lifestyle diseases to drive market 140
12.3 EUROPE 140
12.3.1 EUROPE: RECESSION IMPACT ANALYSIS 144
12.3.2 GERMANY 146
12.3.2.1 Rising focus on proactive healthcare to drive market 146
12.3.3 FRANCE 146
12.3.3.1 Innovative products and investments in research and development to boost market growth 146
12.3.4 UK 147
12.3.4.1 Rapidly aging population to propel market growth 147
12.3.5 ITALY 148
12.3.5.1 Evolving dietary preferences to boost market growth 148
12.3.6 SPAIN 149
12.3.6.1 Growing consumer interest in health supplements to propel drive demand 149
12.3.7 REST OF EUROPE 149
12.4 ASIA PACIFIC 150
12.4.1 ASIA PACIFIC: RECESSION IMPACT ANALYSIS 156
12.4.2 CHINA 157
12.4.2.1 Surging use of digital media to disseminate healthcare information to propel market 157
12.4.3 JAPAN 158
12.4.3.1 Consumer preferences for natural healthcare solutions to boost market growth 158
12.4.4 INDIA 159
12.4.4.1 Strategic market penetration initiatives by various companies to drive market 159
12.4.5 AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND 160
12.4.5.1 Changing consumer preferences and increasing health consciousness to drive demand 160
12.4.6 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC 161
12.5 ROW 162
12.5.1 ROW: RECESSION IMPACT ANALYSIS 166
12.5.2 SOUTH AMERICA 168
12.5.2.1 Collaboration among key market players to drive market growth 168
12.5.3 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA 169
12.5.3.1 Developing regulatory landscape to propel market growth 169
13 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 170
13.1 OVERVIEW 170
13.2 KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN 170
13.3 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS 172
13.4 COMPANY VALUATION AND FINANCIAL METRICS 174
13.4.1 COMPANY VALUATION 174
13.4.2 EV/EBITDA 174
13.5 BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARISON ANALYSIS 175
13.6 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: KEY PLAYERS, 2023 177
13.6.1 STARS 177
13.6.2 EMERGING LEADERS 177
13.6.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS 177
13.6.4 PARTICIPANTS 178
13.6.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT: KEY PLAYERS, 2023 179
13.6.5.1 Company footprint 179
13.6.5.2 Regional footprint 180
13.6.5.3 Product type footprint 180
13.6.5.4 Application footprint 181
13.7 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: DISTRIBUTORS/SUPPLIERS 182
13.7.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES 182
13.7.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES 182
13.7.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES 182
13.7.4 STARTING BLOCKS 182
13.7.5 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING 184
13.7.5.1 Detailed list of key distributors/suppliers 184
13.7.5.2 Competitive benchmarking of key distributors/suppliers 184
13.8 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO AND TRENDS 185
13.8.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES AND DEVELOPMENTS 185
13.8.2 DEALS 187
13.8.3 EXPANSIONS 189
13.8.4 OTHERS 189
14 COMPANY PROFILES 191
14.1 KEY PLAYERS (MANUFACTURERS) 191
14.1.1 GNOSIS BY LESAFFRE (NATTOPHARMA) 191
14.1.1.1 Business overview 191
14.1.1.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered 192
14.1.1.3 Recent developments 193
14.1.1.4 MnM view 195
14.1.1.4.1 Right to win 195
14.1.1.4.2 Strategic choices 196
14.1.1.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats 196
14.1.2 KAPPA BIOSCIENCE AS (BALCHEM CORP.) 197
14.1.2.1 Business overview 197
14.1.2.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered 198
14.1.2.3 Recent developments 199
14.1.2.4 MnM view 201
14.1.2.4.1 Right to win 201
14.1.2.4.2 Strategic choices 201
14.1.2.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats 201
14.1.3 J-OIL MILLS, INC. (PLT HEALTH SOLUTIONS, INC.) (PLT HEALTH SOLUTIONS, INC.) (JAPAN) 202
14.1.3.1 Business overview 202
14.1.3.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered 203
14.1.3.3 Recent developments 203
14.1.3.4 MnM view 204
14.1.3.4.1 Right to win 204
14.1.3.4.2 Strategic choices 204
14.1.3.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats 204
14.1.4 NOVOZYMES A/S, PART OF NOVONESIS GROUP 205
14.1.4.1 Business overview 205
14.1.4.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered 206
14.1.4.3 Recent developments 207
14.1.4.4 MnM view 208
14.1.4.4.1 Right to win 208
14.1.4.4.2 Strategic choices 208
14.1.4.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats 208

14.1.5 SUNGEN BIOSCIENCE CO., LTD 209
14.1.5.1 Business overview 209
14.1.5.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered 209
14.1.5.3 Recent developments 210
14.1.5.4 MnM view 210
14.1.6 VESTA NUTRA 211
14.1.6.1 Business overview 211
14.1.6.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered 211
14.1.6.3 Recent developments 211
14.1.6.4 MnM view 211
14.1.7 RICHEN NUTRITIONAL TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. 212
14.1.7.1 Business overview 212
14.1.7.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered 212
14.1.7.3 Recent developments 213
14.1.7.4 MnM view 214
14.1.8 MENADIONA 215
14.1.8.1 Business overview 215
14.1.8.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered 215
14.1.8.3 Recent developments 216
14.1.8.4 MnM view 216
14.1.9 GF FERMENTECH (GENOFOCUS) 217
14.1.9.1 Business overview 217
14.1.9.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered 217
14.1.9.3 Recent developments 218
14.1.9.4 MnM view 219
14.1.10 ANGELYEAST CO., LTD. 220
14.1.10.1 Business overview 220
14.1.10.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered 220
14.1.10.3 Recent developments 221
14.1.10.4 MnM view 221
14.1.11 GENEFERM BIOTECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. 222
14.1.11.1 Business overview 222
14.1.11.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered 222
14.1.11.3 Recent developments 222
14.1.11.4 MnM view 222
14.1.12 NAKODA CHEMICALS LTD. 223
14.1.12.1 Business overview 223
14.1.12.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered 223
14.1.12.3 Recent developments 223
14.1.12.4 MnM view 223

14.1.13 HAIHANG INDUSTRY CO., LTD. 224
14.1.13.1 Business overview 224
14.1.13.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered 224
14.1.13.3 Recent developments 225
14.1.13.4 MnM view 225
14.1.14 CHEMICEA LIMITED 226
14.1.14.1 Business overview 226
14.1.14.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered 226
14.1.14.3 Recent developments 227
14.1.14.4 MnM view 227
14.1.15 KYOWA HAKKO U.S.A., INC. 228
14.1.15.1 Business overview 228
14.1.15.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered 228
14.1.15.3 Recent developments 228
14.1.15.4 MnM view 228
14.2 DISTRIBUTORS/SUPPLIERS 229
14.2.1 SEEBIO BIOTECH (SHANGHAI) CO., LTD. 229
14.2.2 MAGNESIA GMBH 230
14.2.3 FALCON TRADING INTERNATIONAL 231
14.2.4 ABCO INDIA 232
14.2.5 ATLANTIC CHEMICALS TRADING GMBH 233
15 ADJACENT AND RELATED MARKETS 234
15.1 INTRODUCTION 234
15.2 LIMITATIONS 234
15.3 DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET 234
15.3.1 MARKET DEFINITION 234
15.3.2 MARKET OVERVIEW 235
15.4 VITAMINS MARKET 236
15.4.1 MARKET DEFINITION 236
15.4.2 MARKET OVERVIEW 236
16 APPENDIX 238
16.1 DISCUSSION GUIDE 238
16.2 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL 243
16.3 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS 245
16.4 RELATED REPORTS 245
16.5 AUTHOR DETAILS 246