Summary

The electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) and advanced air mobility (AAM) market represents an emerging aviation category built around quiet, electrically powered aircraft designed to move people and cargo through low-altitude airspace. Spanning urban air taxis, intercity and regional connections, cargo and logistics, and medical and emergency services, AAM promises a new layer of transport that complements existing road, rail and conventional aviation networks. After a period of intense experimentation, the sector has consolidated around a smaller group of credible developers whose aircraft are progressing through type certification, moving the industry from demonstration toward early commercial operation.

The proposition rests on a convergence of enabling technologies: high-density batteries, electric motors and distributed propulsion, lightweight composite structures, and increasingly capable autonomy, avionics and software. Realising it at scale, however, depends as much on infrastructure and institutions as on aircraft - vertiports, charging and grid connections, air-traffic management and airspace integration, and public acceptance all shape how quickly service can expand. Operationally, early deployments are converging on short, fair-weather shuttle missions that replace or augment helicopter and premium ground transport, with broader networks expected to follow as costs fall and autonomy matures.

Government support has become a decisive force, and Japan offers a leading example. Its recently approved national growth strategy designates eVTOLs a key technology within a select group of strategic aviation and space fields, backing them with coordinated public investment in research, demonstration facilities and supply-chain development, and prioritising domestic strengths in compact, lightweight aircraft for urban-transit and tourism routes. Comparable momentum is evident worldwide: China has embedded low-altitude economic development in revised civil-aviation legislation and streamlined airspace access; the United States is advancing integration pilot programmes and powered-lift rules; Europe has established dedicated certification specifications; and Gulf states are underwriting flagship launches. Together these interventions de-risk investment, accelerate certification and catalyse infrastructure.

The market therefore sits at an inflection point. A narrowing field of well-capitalised aircraft developers, a maturing supplier and infrastructure ecosystem, and unprecedented policy backing are aligning to move advanced air mobility from ambition toward operational reality. The pace and geography of that transition will be determined largely by the interplay of certification progress, infrastructure readiness and sustained government commitment.

The Global eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility Market 2027-2037 is a comprehensive market and technology assessment of the electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) and advanced air mobility (AAM) sector as it transitions from certification to early commercial operation. The report examines the full ecosystem - aircraft architectures and design, use cases and route economics, total cost of ownership, funding and business models, the supplier base, regulation and certification, and the physical and digital infrastructure required to operate at scale.

It provides an in-depth analysis of the enabling technology stack, including batteries, charging standards and energy infrastructure, fuel-cell and hybrid powertrains, electric motors and propulsion, composite materials and lightweighting, and autonomy, avionics and software. Dedicated chapters address vertiport and ground infrastructure, air-traffic management and airspace integration, public perception and social licence, and convergence with adjacent markets. Regional market analysis and detailed forecasts run through 2037, complemented by extensive company profiles across the value chain.

Contents include:

• Executive summary and market outlook
• Introduction to eVTOL and advanced air mobility
• eVTOL architectures and design
• Journey use cases and route optimisation
• Total cost of ownership and economic analysis
• Funding, investment, and business models
• Aerospace and automotive suppliers: eVTOL activity
• eVTOL OEM market players - company profiles
• Programs and initiatives supporting eVTOL development
• Batteries for eVTOL
• Charging standards and energy infrastructure
• Fuel cell and hybrid eVTOL
• Electric motors and propulsion systems
• Composite materials and lightweighting
• Autonomy, avionics, and software
• Regulation and certification
• Vertiport and ground infrastructure
• Air traffic management and airspace integration
• Public perception, safety, and social licence
• Convergence with adjacent markets
• Regional market analysis
• Market forecasts 2026-2037
• Conclusions, company profiles, appendices, and references

Companies profiled include: Airbus (CityAirbus NextGen), Archer Aviation, AutoFlight, AltoVolo, Ascendance Flight Technologies, Bell Textron (Nexus), BETA Technologies, CycloTech, Doroni Aerospace, Dufour Aerospace, EHang, Honda, ERC System, Eve Air Mobility, Jaunt Air Mobility, Joby Aviation, Lilium, Overair, SkyDrive, Supernal (Hyundai), Varon Vehicles, TCab Tech, Vertical Aerospace, Vertaxi, Volant Aerotech, Wisk Aero, XPeng AeroHT, Yivtol, Zuri, Volocopter, Diehl Aviation, GE Aerospace, Honeywell Aerospace Technologies, Rolls-Royce, RTX Corporation (Collins Aerospace & Pratt & Whitney), Safran Group, Amprius Technologies, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. (CATL), IONBLOX, Lyten, QuantumScape, Saft (TotalEnergies), SES AI (SolidEnergy Systems), and more.

ページTOPに戻る

Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 Report Scope and Objectives
1.2 Defining eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility
1.3 The AAM Ecosystem: The "5As" Framework - Aircraft, Ancillary, Airline, Airport, Airspace
1.4 Market Size and Growth Summary 2026-2037
1.5 Industry Consolidation Accelerates
1.6 The Casualties: 2024-2025
1.7 The Survivors: Who Remains in the Race
1.8 The Reality Check: Physics, Economics, and Expectations
1.9 Regulatory Landscape
1.10 Outlook
1.11 Key Market Drivers and Restraints
1.12 Certification and Regulatory Progress Update
1.13 eVTOL Unit Sales Forecast Summary (Units) 2026-2037
1.14 eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast Summary (GWh) 2026-2037
1.15 eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast Summary (US$ billion) 2026-2037
1.16 Vertiport Infrastructure Forecast Summary
1.17 Pilot and Workforce Requirements Forecast
1.18 Industry Developments Since the Early-2026 Cut-Off
2 INTRODUCTION TO eVTOL AND ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY
2.1 What is an eVTOL Aircraft?
2.2 From Urban Air Mobility (UAM) to Advanced Air Mobility (AAM)
2.3 Distributed Electric Propulsion: The Enabling Concept
2.4 Advantages of AAM Networks
2.5 eVTOL Applications: Air Taxi, Cargo, Air Ambulance, Military
2.6 Current General Aviation Aircraft: Helicopters and Fixed-Wing
2.7 Why Helicopters Are Not Suitable for UAM at Scale
2.8 Worldwide Helicopter Fleet and General Aviation Market Size
2.9 What is Making eVTOL Possible Now?
2.10 The AAM Value Chain and Emerging Ecosystem
2.11 Key Issues, Challenges, and Constraints for eVTOL Air Taxis
2.12 NASA: UAM Challenges and Constraints
3 eVTOL ARCHITECTURES AND DESIGN
3.1 World eVTOL Aircraft Directory and Geographical Distribution
3.2 Main eVTOL Architectures Overview
3.3 eVTOL Architecture Choice: Trade-Offs and Considerations
3.4 Multicopter/Rotorcraft: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks
3.5 Lift + Cruise: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks
3.6 Vectored Thrust - Tiltwing
3.7 Vectored Thrust - Tiltrotor
3.8 Range and Cruise Speed Comparison Across Electric eVTOL Designs
3.9 Hover Lift Efficiency, Disc Loading, and Cruise Efficiency by Architecture
3.10 Complexity, Criticality, and Cruise Performance
3.11 Comparative Assessment of eVTOL Architectures
3.12 Manned and Unmanned eVTOL Test Flight Progress
3.13 Full-Scale Demonstrators and Type-Conforming Aircraft Status
4 JOURNEY USE CASES AND ROUTE OPTIMISATION
4.1 Where eVTOL Has a Competitive Advantage Over Ground Transport
4.2 Urban Private Hire: eVTOL vs. Taxi/Ride-Hailing (8-16 km)
4.3 Rural Private Hire: eVTOL vs. Private Car (16-40 km)
4.4 Rural Rideshare: eVTOL vs. Multiple Private Cars (40-80 km)
4.5 Sub-Regional Shuttle: eVTOL vs. Rail (100-160 km)
4.6 Cargo Delivery: eVTOL vs. Road Transport (Middle-Mile, 50-100 km)
4.7 Air Ambulance: eVTOL vs. Helicopter Emergency Services (60-100 km)
4.8 Multicopter eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 10 km, 40 km, and 100 km Journey Comparisons
4.9 Vectored Thrust eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 100 km Journey
4.10 Important Factors for Air Taxi Time Advantage
4.11 Conclusions on Air Taxi Time Saving and Viable Use Cases
4.12 eVTOL as an Urban Mass Mobility Solution: Feasibility Assessment
5 TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
5.1 TCO Analysis Methodology
5.2 eVTOL vs. Helicopter Operating Cost Comparison
5.3 eVTOL Aircraft Upfront Cost Analysis (£3m-£5m Range)
5.4 eVTOL Operational Fuel Cost Savings
5.5 The Economic Value of Autonomous Flight
5.6 TCO Analysis: eVTOL Taxi US$/50 km Trip (Base Case)
5.7 TCO Analysis: US$/15 km Trip - Multicopter eVTOL Design
5.8 Sensitivity Analysis: Battery Cost and Performance
5.9 Sensitivity Analysis: Upfront/Infrastructure Cost
5.10 Sensitivity Analysis: Average Trip Length
5.11 Sensitivity Analysis: Higher/Lower eVTOL Capital Costs
5.12 Sensitivity Analysis: Reduced Flying Window and Increased Vertiport Travel Time
5.13 Sensitivity Analysis: Earlier Autonomous Capability (2030 vs. 2035)
5.14 Socio-Economic Impact Assessment: Direct and Indirect Benefits
6 FUNDING, INVESTMENT, AND BUSINESS MODELS
6.1 Air Mobility Funding Landscape: Historical and Current Trends
6.2 eVTOL OEMs Attracting Large Funding Rounds
6.3 Strategic Investors: Aerospace and Automotive OEMs
6.4 eVTOL OEMs Will Have to Weather a Tougher Investor Climate
6.5 eVTOL Commercial Interest: Pre-Orders and Letters of Intent
6.6 Business Model Archetypes: System, Service, Hardware Providers, Ticket Brokers
6.7 OEM Model vs. Vertically Integrated Model
6.8 Consolidation and Shake-Out Outlook
6.9 New Manufacturing Facilities and Production Plans
6.10 Design for Manufacture (DfM) and High-Volume Production Challenges
7 AEROSPACE AND AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLIERS: eVTOL ACTIVITY
7.1 Aerospace Companies eVTOL Involvement
7.2 Automotive OEM Involvement
7.3 Composite Material Suppliers
7.4 Supply Chain Structure: Insource vs. Outsource Models
8 eVTOL OEM MARKET PLAYERS - COMPANY PROFILES
8.1 Joby Aviation
8.2 Archer Aviation (and Stellantis Partnership)
8.3 Lilium
8.4 Volocopter (VoloCity)
8.5 Vertical Aerospace
8.6 EHang
8.7 Wisk Aero
8.8 Eve Air Mobility (Embraer)
8.9 Supernal (Hyundai)
8.10 Airbus (CityAirbus NextGen)
8.11 SkyDrive
8.12 Autoflight (Prosperity I)
8.13 Jaunt Air Mobility
8.14 Honda eVTOL
8.15 Additional OEM Profiles
8.16 Players' Planned Production Capacity Comparison
8.17 Key Supplier Partnerships by OEM
9 PROGRAMS AND INITIATIVES SUPPORTING eVTOL DEVELOPMENT
9.1 Uber Elevate Legacy and Joby Aviation
9.2 US Air Force: Agility Prime
9.3 NASA: Advanced Air Mobility Mission and National Campaign
9.4 Groupe ADP eVTOL Test Area (Paris 2024 and Beyond)
9.5 eVTOL Intellectual-Property and Legal Disputes
9.6 China's Unmanned Civil Aviation Zones and Low-Altitude Economy Initiative
9.7 Favourable Policies and Regulations Supporting China's UAM
9.8 K-UAM Grand Challenge: South Korea
9.9 UK Future Flight Challenge (FFC) and CAA Initiatives
9.10 NEOM and Middle Eastern AAM Investments
9.11 Varon Vehicles: UAM in Latin America
9.12 Global Urban Air Mobility Radar: 110+ Projects Worldwide
10 BATTERIES FOR eVTOL
10.1 Battery Specifics for eVTOLs: The Battery Trilemma
10.2 eVTOL Battery Wish List and Requirements
10.3 Importance of Gravimetric Energy Density (Wh/kg) for Aviation
10.4 Li-ion Cathode and Anode Benchmarking for eVTOL
10.5 Li-ion Timeline: Technology and Performance Evolution
10.6 The Promise of Silicon Anodes for eVTOL Applications
10.7 Aerospace Battery Pack Sizing and Energy Density Considerations
10.8 Battery Specifications of Leading eVTOL OEMs
10.9 eVTOL Batteries: Specific Energy vs. Discharge Rates
10.10 Cell-to-Pack and Module Elimination Approaches
10.11 Beyond Li-ion: Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Aviation
10.12 Beyond Li-ion: Lithium-Metal and Solid-State Batteries (SSB)
10.13 Solid-State Battery Developers
10.14 CATL Condensed Battery and Other Advanced Concepts
10.15 Battery Technology Evolution Forecast: 2026-2037 (Wh/kg Roadmap)
10.16 Battery Chemistry Comparison for eVTOL: NMC, NCA, LFP, SSB, Li-S
10.17 Battery Fast Charging, Battery Swapping, and Distributed Modules
10.18 eVTOL Battery Cost Analysis and Trajectory
10.19 eVTOL Battery Supply Chain
10.20 Key Battery Suppliers
10.21 eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast 2026-2037 (GWh)
10.22 eVTOL Battery Market Revenue Forecast 2026-2037 (US$ million)
11 CHARGING STANDARDS AND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR eVTOL
11.1 Competing Charging Standards in the AAM Market
11.2 Global Electric Aviation Charging System (GEACS)
11.3 BETA Technologies Charging (CCS-Based)
11.4 EPS Charging Solutions
11.5 Grid Power Requirements for Vertiport Charging
11.6 Off-Grid and Renewable Energy Solutions for Remote Vertiports
11.7 Vertiport Power Demand Decomposition: Electrical Distribution vs. Chargers
11.8 Vertiport Electrical Equipment Requirements and Single-Line Architecture
11.9 Charging Technologies, Charger Types, and Duty Cycles
11.10 Grid Impact, Power Quality, and Reinforcement Requirements
11.11 On-Site Energy Storage and Operational Resilience
11.12 Electrical Standards and Regulatory Framework
11.13 Market Assessment: PAM and SAM (excluding China)
11.14 Market by Geography (excluding China)
11.15 Market by Application
11.16 Ecosystem Players and Competitive Positioning
11.17 Infrastructure and Value Chain
11.18 Potential Opportunity: Key Solutions and Buyers
12 FUEL CELL AND HYBRID eVTOL
12.1 Options for Hydrogen Use in Aviation
12.2 Key Systems Needed for Hydrogen Aircraft
12.3 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells for eVTOL
12.4 Hydrogen Aviation Company Landscape
12.5 Fuel Cell eVTOL: Players and Specifications
12.6 Challenges Hindering Hydrogen Aviation
12.7 Conclusions for Hydrogen Fuel Cell eVTOL
12.8 Hybrid Propulsion Systems: Series and Parallel Architectures
12.9 Hybrid Systems Optimisation
12.10 All-Electric Range vs. Fuel Cell and Hybrid Powertrains
12.11 Hybrid Propulsion: Turbines and Piston Engines
12.12 Honda eVTOL Hybrid-Electric Propulsion System
12.13 Conclusions for Hybrid eVTOL
13 ELECTRIC MOTORS AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS
13.1 eVTOL Motor/Powertrain Requirements
13.2 eVTOL Aircraft Motor Power Sizing and kW Estimates
13.3 Electric Motors and Distributed Electric Propulsion
13.4 Number of Electric Motors by eVTOL Design
13.5 Electric Motor Designs: Summary of Traction Motor Types
13.6 Motor Efficiency Comparison: PMSM vs. BLDC
13.7 Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motors
13.8 Why Axial Flux Motors for eVTOL?
13.9 List of Axial Flux Motor Players and Benchmark
13.10 Key Motor Suppliers
13.11 Power Density and Torque Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation
13.12 Power Electronics: SiC MOSFETs and High-Voltage Platforms for eVTOL
14 COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND LIGHTWEIGHTING
14.1 The Importance of Lightweighting in eVTOL Design
14.2 Comparison of Lightweight Materials
14.3 Introduction to Composite Materials: Fibres, Resins, and Reinforcements
14.4 Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) for eVTOL
14.5 Glass Fibres and Thermoplastic Composites
14.6 eVTOL Composite Material Requirements
14.7 Supply Chain for Composite Manufacturers
14.8 Key eVTOL-Composite Partnerships
14.9 Key Challenges for Composites in High-Volume eVTOL Production
15 AUTONOMY, AVIONICS, AND SOFTWARE
15.1 The Roadmap from Piloted to Autonomous eVTOL Flight
15.2 Pilot Demand and Skill Level Evolution: 2026-2037
15.3 Detect and Avoid (DAA) Systems
15.4 Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) Capabilities
15.5 AI-Powered Autonomous Flight Systems
15.6 Software-Defined Approaches for eVTOL
15.7 Sensor Fusion and Perception Systems for eVTOL
15.8 Cybersecurity and Counter-AAM Considerations
16 REGULATION AND CERTIFICATION
16.1 Overview of the eVTOL Certification Landscape
16.2 European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
16.3 EASA Special Condition: SC-VTOL and Certification Categories
16.4 EASA EUROCAE Working Groups
16.5 US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Certification Pathways
16.6 Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) and Low-Altitude Economy Policy
16.7 UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) and FFC Alignment with EASA/FAA
16.8 National Aviation Authority (NAA) Network
16.9 Design and Production Organisation Authorisation (DOA/POA)
16.10 Air Operator Certificates (AOC) and Airline Regulatory Requirements
16.11 Companies Pursuing eVTOL Development and Regulatory Approval: Status Tracker
16.12 Pilot Licensing and Training Requirements Evolution
16.13 Noise, Environmental, and Safety Regulations
16.14 When Will the First eVTOL Air Taxis Launch? Slipping Timelines Assessment
17 VERTIPORT AND GROUND INFRASTRUCTURE
17.1 eVTOL Infrastructure Requirements: Overview
17.2 Vertiport Concepts: From Basic Pads to Full-Service Hubs
17.3 Vertiport Nodal Network Design
17.4 Companies Developing Vertiports
17.5 Vertiport Design Concepts
17.6 Lilium Scalable Vertiports
17.7 BETA Technologies Recharge Pads
17.8 EHang E-Port
17.9 Vertiport Technical Challenges
17.10 Vertiport Security: Biometric Processing, Baggage Handling, Counter-Drone
17.11 Vertiport Forecast: Units Required 2026-2037
17.12 The "Chicken and Egg" Problem: Vertiports Before Certified Aircraft
18 AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND AIRSPACE INTEGRATION
18.1 eVTOL Urban Air Traffic Management (UATM) Requirements
18.2 UTM/ATM Integration: Combining Manned and Unmanned Traffic
18.3 NASA/FAA UAM Concept of Operations (ConOps)
18.4 European UTM Frameworks and Standardisation
18.5 Communication Infrastructure: 5G, Low-Latency Networks, and Redundancy
18.6 Digital Infrastructure and Drone Operation Centres
18.7 Global Fragmentation of UTM Standards
19 PUBLIC PERCEPTION, SAFETY, AND SOCIAL LICENCE
19.1 Public Acceptance of AAM: Survey Data and Trends
19.2 EASA Perception Studies
19.3 UK Public Perception of Drones and AAM
19.4 Safety and Security Considerations
19.5 Noise Impact and Community Concerns
19.6 Building Social Licence: Engagement Strategies and Government Initiatives
19.7 The Role of Commercial Drone Operations in Normalising Future Aviation
20 CONVERGENCE WITH ADJACENT MARKETS
20.1 eVTOL and the Broader Drone Market: Convergence of Platforms
20.2 Cargo Drones and Large Autonomous Aircraft
20.3 Electric Conventional Take-Off and Landing (eCTOL) Aircraft
20.4 Software-Defined Vehicles and Cross-Over Technologies
20.5 Autonomous Ground Vehicle (Robotaxi) Competition and Complementarity
20.6 Multimodal Transport Integration and Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS)
20.7 The Low-Altitude Economy: China's Strategic Framework
21 REGIONAL MARKET ANALYSIS
21.1 North America: United States and Canada
21.2 Europe: EU, UK, and EFTA
21.3 Asia-Pacific: China, South Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, Australia
21.4 Middle East: UAE, Saudi Arabia (NEOM), and Gulf States
21.5 Latin America
21.6 Africa
21.7 Regional Regulatory Comparison and Market Entry Timelines
22 MARKET FORECASTS 2026-2037
22.1 Forecast Methodology and Assumptions
22.2 Global eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast 2026-2037 (Units)
22.3 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Region/Economy Size (Units)
22.4 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Architecture Type
22.5 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Application (Air Taxi, Cargo, Air Ambulance, Military)
22.6 Replacement Demand vs. New Demand: Fleet Lifecycle Analysis
22.7 eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026-2037 (GWh)
22.8 eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast 2026-2037 (US$ Billion)
22.9 Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026-2037
22.10 Workforce and Pilot Demand Forecast 2026-2037
23 CONCLUSIONS
23.1 Market Outlook Summary
23.2 Key Findings
23.3 Strategic Recommendations
24 COMPANY PROFILES
24.1 eVTOL OEM Profiles (29 company profiles)
24.2 Aerospace Tier 1 Suppliers with eVTOL Activity (6 company profiles)
24.3 Battery and Energy Storage Suppliers (12 company profiles)
24.4 Electric Motor and Propulsion System Suppliers (8 company profiles)
24.5 Composite Material and Lightweighting Suppliers (4 company profiles)
24.6 Vertiport and Infrastructure Developers (5 company profiles)
24.7 Air Traffic Management and Digital Infrastructure Providers (6 company profiles)
24.8 Automotive OEMs with eVTOL Investments (6 company profiles)
24.9 Aircraft Leasing and Fleet Operators
24.10 Cargo Drone and Convergent AAM Companies (5 company profiles)
24.11 Charging Infrastructure Providers (2 company profiles)
24.12 Hydrogen and Fuel Cell System Suppliers (3 company profiles)
25 APPENDICES
25.1 Appendix A - Glossary of Terms and Acronyms
25.2 Appendix B - eVTOL OEM Certification Status Tracker (As of Q1 2026)
25.3 Appendix C - Forecast Data Tables - Detailed Annual Breakdowns
25.4 Appendix D - UK AAM Economic Impact Model Summary
25.5 Appendix E - Battery Technology Roadmap for eVTOL Aviation
25.6 Appendix F - Regulatory Framework Reference Guide
25.7 Appendix G - Methodology Notes
26 REFERENCES

ページTOPに戻る

List of Tables/Graphs

List of Tables (265 tables) List of Figures FIGURE 1 The AAM "5As" Ecosystem Framework FIGURE 2 The Advanced Air Mobility Ecosystem Value Chain FIGURE 3 Global AAM Market Revenue 2026-2037 (US$ billion) FIGURE 4 Different e-VTOL configurations developed from 2016: (a) Tilt-Wing; (b) Lift+Cruise; (c) Tilt-Rotor; (d) Multi-Rotor FIGURE 5 Evolution from UAM to AAM: Expanding Scope and Applications FIGURE 6 Distributed Electric Propulsion Configuration Example FIGURE 7 The Advanced Air Mobility Value Chain FIGURE 8 Multicopter Flight Modes: Hover, Transition, Cruise FIGURE 9 Lift + Cruise Flight Modes FIGURE 10 Tiltwing Flight Modes FIGURE 11 Tiltrotor Flight Modes FIGURE 12 Joby eVTOL taxis. FIGURE 13 Rural Private Hire Journey Schematic FIGURE 14 Expected Industry Consolidation Timeline FIGURE 15 Li-ion Battery Timeline: Technology and Performance 2010-2036 FIGURE 16 Energy Density Roadmap: Graphite to Silicon Composite to Pure Silicon Anodes FIGURE 17 Li-S Battery SWOT Analysis FIGURE 18 Li-S Battery Market Value Chain FIGURE 19 Lithium-Metal Battery SWOT Analysis FIGURE 20 Battery Energy Density Roadmap 2024-2036 (Wh/kg): LiPo, Silicon Anode, Solid-State, Li-S, Li-Air FIGURE 21 Battery Chemistry Radar Chart Comparison for eVTOL - Scores (1-10) FIGURE 22 eVTOL Battery Cost Trajectory 2024-2036 (US$/kWh) FIGURE 23 eVTOL Battery Supply Chain: Raw Materials to Cell Manufacturing to Pack Assembly to OEM Integration FIGURE 24 The GEACS charging system. FIGURE 25 BETA Technologies Charging Network Concept FIGURE 26 Peak power demand per vertiport by tier: charging load vs. electrical distribution (MW) FIGURE 27 Global eVTOL electrical and charging infrastructure: potential vs. serviceable market (excluding China), 2025-2037 (US$ million). FIGURE 28 Serviceable infrastructure market excluding China, by region, 2037 (US$ million). FIGURE 29 eVTOL infrastructure potential addressable market by application segment, 2030 vs. 2037 (US$ million). FIGURE 30 The eVTOL infrastructure value chain. FIGURE 31 Series vs. Parallel Hybrid Propulsion Architectures FIGURE 32 Hybrid System Power/Energy Optimisation Curve FIGURE 33 Honda eVTOL Hybrid-Electric Propulsion System FIGURE 34 Distributed Electric Propulsion Configuration and Motor Placement FIGURE 35 Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motor Construction FIGURE 36 Yoked vs. Yokeless Axial Flux Motor Configurations FIGURE 37 Inverter Power Density Improvement Timeline FIGURE 38 Weight Breakdown of a Typical eVTOL Aircraft FIGURE 39 CFRP Supply Chain for eVTOL Manufacturing FIGURE 40 Composite Material Supply Chain: Fibre to Prepreg to Layup to Curing to Assembly FIGURE 41 Autonomy Roadmap: Piloted to Supervised to Remote Pilot to Fully Autonomous FIGURE 42 Typical Sensor Suite for eVTOL: Cameras, Radar, LiDAR, Ultrasonic, ADS-B FIGURE 43 eVTOL Certification Timeline: Expected Type Certificate Dates by OEM FIGURE 44 eVTOL Commercial Launch Timeline: Original Targets vs. Current Expectations FIGURE 45 Vertiport Infrastructure Ecosystem: Physical, Digital, Energy FIGURE 46 Vertistops, Vertiports, and Vertihubs FIGURE 47 CORGAN Stacked Skyport Concept FIGURE 48 CORGAN Mega Skyport Concept FIGURE 49 CORGAN Uber Skyport Mobility Hub Concept FIGURE 50 Hyundai Future Mobility Urban Vision FIGURE 51 Lilium Scalable Vertiport Design FIGURE 52 BETA Technologies Recharge Pad Network FIGURE 53 EHang E-Port Infrastructure Concept FIGURE 54 UTM/ATM Integration Layers FIGURE 55 NASA/FAA UAM ConOps 1.0 Framework FIGURE 56 Digital Infrastructure for AAM: Drone Operations Centre Architecture FIGURE 57 Expected eVTOL Commercial Service Launch Timeline by Region FIGURE 58 EHang EH216-S FIGURE 59 Vertical Aerospace eVTOL aircraft.