Summary

The global Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System market is projected to grow from US$ 1042 million in 2025 to US$ 1604 million by 2032, at a CAGR of 6.4% (2026-2032), driven by critical product segments and diverse end‑use applications.
A Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System is an intelligent monitoring platform used for real-time monitoring, data acquisition, fault diagnosis, and health assessment of the operating status of critical equipment and systems in nuclear power plants. Its aim is to promptly detect equipment anomalies, predict potential faults, and ensure the safe and stable operation of nuclear power units. This system typically integrates multiple sensing technologies, including vibration monitoring, temperature monitoring, pressure monitoring, acoustic monitoring, lubricating oil condition analysis, electrical parameter monitoring, and radiation monitoring. It acquires equipment operating data through industrial control networks and data acquisition systems, and combines advanced technologies such as big data analytics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and digital twins to assess and predict equipment health status, remaining lifespan, and fault risks. Its monitoring targets cover reactor coolant pumps, turbine generator sets, main circulation pipelines, valves, bearings, motors, instrumentation and control equipment, and other safety-critical systems, and it is widely used in nuclear power plant construction, operation and maintenance, life extension retrofitting, and decommissioning management. With the development of smart nuclear power and digital operation and maintenance, NPHMS is continuously upgrading towards intelligent diagnosis, predictive maintenance, remote monitoring, and full life-cycle asset management, becoming an important component of the modern nuclear power safety assurance system.
The global nuclear power condition monitoring system market has maintained steady growth due to increasing safety requirements for nuclear power units, life extension retrofitting of aging units, and accelerated development of digital nuclear power. Demand primarily comes from new nuclear power plant projects, equipment upgrades, predictive maintenance, and full lifecycle operation and maintenance management. Regionally, North America and Europe, with their mature nuclear power operation systems and comprehensive equipment health management mechanisms, lead in online monitoring, intelligent diagnostics, and digital operation and maintenance. The Asia-Pacific region, driven by continuous growth in nuclear power capacity, the localization of the nuclear industry, and the construction of smart nuclear power plants, has become the fastest-growing market. Other emerging nuclear energy countries are also increasing their demand for condition monitoring systems as nuclear power projects are built. Currently, the industry is developing towards intelligence, networking, and integration. Technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, digital twins, industrial IoT, edge computing, and big data analytics are increasingly converging to achieve real-time equipment condition monitoring, fault prediction, and life assessment, improving unit reliability and reducing the risk of unplanned downtime. Meanwhile, the industry still faces challenges such as stringent nuclear safety regulations, long product certification cycles, high difficulty in fusion of multi-source data under complex operating conditions, high costs of digital transformation of aging systems, and increasing cybersecurity risks. A shortage of professional technical personnel and cross-platform compatibility issues also constrain market development to some extent. Looking ahead, with the extension of nuclear power plant lifespan, the construction of small modular reactors (SMRs), and the development of smart nuclear power, the nuclear power condition monitoring system market is expected to maintain stable growth. The industry's average gross profit margin typically remains between 30% and 45%, with high-end intelligent monitoring platforms, predictive maintenance software, and integrated online diagnostic solutions possessing high added value and profitability
Report Includes:
This definitive report equips business leaders, decision-makers, and stakeholders with a 360° view of the global Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System market across value chain. It analyzes historical revenue data (2021–2025) and delivers forecasts through 2032, illuminating demand trends and growth drivers.
By segmenting the market by Type and by Application, the study quantifies market size, growth rates, niche opportunities, and substitution risks, and analyzes downstream customer distribution pattern.
Granular regional insights cover five major markets (North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and MEA) with in‑depth analysis of 20+ countries, detailing dominant products, competitive landscape, and downstream demand trends.
Critical competitive intelligence profiles players (revenue, margins, pricing strategies, and major customers) and dissects the top-player positioning across product lines, applications, and regions to reveal strategic strengths.
A concise Industry‑chain overview maps upstream, middle stream, and downstream distribution dynamics to identify strategic gaps and unmet demand.
Market Segmentation
By Company
Kistler
⁠Bently Nevada
⁠Mirion Technologies
⁠Westinghouse Nuclear
⁠Sensonics
ITI Group
Encardio Rite
GeoSIG
Baker Hughes
Mirion
Wilcoxon Sensing Technologies
Hitachi GE Vernova Nuclear Energy
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
SHINKAWA Electric Co., Ltd.
CNCS
CGN
China National Nuclear Corporation
Segment by Type
Reactor Coolant Pump Monitoring System
Turbine and Generator Monitoring System
Valve and Piping Monitoring System
Motor and Bearing Monitoring System
I&C and Electrical Equipment Monitoring System
Segment by Technology
Vibration Monitoring System
Acoustic Monitoring System
Temperature and Pressure Monitoring System
Others
Segment by Application
Commercial Nuclear Power Plants
Small Modular Reactors
Others
Segment by Region
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Vietnam
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Rest of Asia
Europe
Germany
U.K.
France
Italy
Spain
Benelux
Russia
Rest of Europe
Central and South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of Central and South America
Middle East & Africa
GCC Countries
Egypt
Israel
South Africa
Rest of MEA
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Defines the Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System study scope, segments the market by Type and by Application, etc, highlights segment size and growth potential
Chapter 2: Offers current market state, projects global revenue and sales to 2032, pinpointing high consumption regions and emerging market catalysts
Chapter 3: Dissects the player landscape: ranks by revenue and profitability, details Player performance by product type and evaluates concentration alongside M&A moves
Chapter 4: Unlocks high margin product segments: compares revenue, ASP, and technology differentiators, highlighting growth niches and substitution risks
Chapter 5: Targets downstream market opportunities: evaluates market size by Application, identifies emerging use cases, and profiles leading customers by region and by Application
Chapter 6: North America: breaks down market size by Application and country, profiles key players and assesses growth drivers and barriers
Chapter 7: Europe: analyses regional market by Application and players, flagging drivers and barriers
Chapter 8: Asia Pacific: quantifies market size by Application, and region/country, profiles top players, and uncovers high potential expansion areas
Chapter 9: Central & South America: measures market size by Application, and country, profiles top players, and identifies investment opportunities and challenges
Chapter 10: Middle East and Africa: evaluates market size by Application, and country, profiles key players, and outlines investment prospects and market hurdles
Chapter 11: Profiles players in depth: details product specs, revenue, margins; top-tier players 2025 sales breakdowns by product type, by Application, by region SWOT analysis, and recent strategic developments
Chapter 12: Value chain and ecosystem: analyses upstream, midstream, plus downstream channels
Chapter 13: Market dynamics: explores drivers, restraints, regulatory impacts, and risk mitigation strategies
Chapter 14: Actionable conclusions and strategic recommendations.
Why This Report:
Beyond standard market data, this analysis provides a clear profitability roadmap, empowering you to:
Allocate capital strategically to high growth regions (Chapters 6-10) and margin rich segments (Chapter 5).
Negotiate from strength with suppliers (Chapter 12) and customers (Chapter 5) using cost and demand intelligence.
Outmaneuver competitors with granular insights into their operations, margins, and strategies (Chapters 3 and 11).
Capitalize on the projected billion‑dollar opportunity with data‑driven regional and segment tactics (Chapter 12-14).
Leverage this 360° intelligence to turn market complexity into actionable competitive advantage.

ページTOPに戻る

Table of Contents

1 Study Coverage
1.1 Introduction to Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System: Definition, Properties, and Key Attributes
1.2 Market Segmentation by Type
1.2.1 Global Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Market Size by Type, 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
1.2.2 Reactor Coolant Pump Monitoring System
1.2.3 Turbine and Generator Monitoring System
1.2.4 Valve and Piping Monitoring System
1.2.5 Motor and Bearing Monitoring System
1.2.6 I&C and Electrical Equipment Monitoring System
1.3 Market Segmentation by Technology
1.3.1 Global Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Market Size by Technology, 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
1.3.2 Vibration Monitoring System
1.3.3 Acoustic Monitoring System
1.3.4 Temperature and Pressure Monitoring System
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Market Segmentation by Application
1.4.1 Global Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Market Size by Application, 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
1.4.2 Commercial Nuclear Power Plants
1.4.3 Small Modular Reactors
1.4.4 Others
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
1.6 Study Objectives
1.7 Years Considered
2 Executive Summary
2.1 Global Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2021-2032)
2.2 Global Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue by Region
2.2.1 Revenue Comparison: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
2.2.2 Historical and Forecasted Revenue by Region (2021-2032)
2.2.3 Global Revenue-Based Market Share by Region (2021-2032)
2.2.4 Emerging Market Focus: Growth Drivers & Investment Trends
3 Competitive Landscape
3.1 Global Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Players’ Revenue Rankings and Profitability
3.1.1 Global Revenue (Value) by Players (2021-2026)
3.1.2 Global Key Players’ Revenue Ranking (2024 vs 2025)
3.1.3 Revenue-Based Tier Segmentation (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
3.1.4 Gross Margin by Top Players (2021 vs 2025)
3.2 Global Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Companies Headquarters and Service Footprint
3.3 Key Player Market Share by Product Type
3.3.1 Reactor Coolant Pump Monitoring System: Market Share by Key Players
3.3.2 Turbine and Generator Monitoring System: Market Share by Key Players
3.3.3 Valve and Piping Monitoring System: Market Share by Key Players
3.3.4 Motor and Bearing Monitoring System: Market Share by Key Players
3.3.5 I&C and Electrical Equipment Monitoring System: Market Share by Key Players
3.4 Global Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Market Concentration and Dynamics
3.4.1 Global Market Concentration
3.4.2 Market Entry and Exit Analysis
3.4.3 Strategic Moves: M&A, Expansion, R&D Investment
4 Product Segmentation
4.1 Global Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Market by Type
4.1.1 Global Revenue by Type (2021-2032)
4.1.2 Global Revenue-Based Market Share by Type (2021-2032)
4.2 Global Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Market by Technology
4.2.1 Global Revenue by Technology (2021-2032)
4.2.2 Global Revenue-Based Market Share by Technology (2021-2032)
4.3 Key Product Attributes and Differentiation
4.4 Subtype Dynamics: Growth Leaders, Profitability and Risk
4.4.1 High-Growth Niches and Adoption Drivers
4.4.2 Profitability Hotspots and Cost Drivers
4.4.3 Substitution Threats
5 Downstream Applications and Customers
5.1 Global Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue by Application
5.1.1 Global Historical and Forecasted Revenue by Application (2021-2032)
5.1.2 Revenue-Based Market Share by Application (2021-2032)
5.1.3 High-Growth Application Identification
5.1.4 Emerging Application Case Studies
5.2 Downstream Customer Analysis
5.2.1 Top Customers by Region
5.2.2 Top Customers by Application
6 North America
6.1 North America Market Size (2021-2032)
6.2 North America Key Players’ Revenue in 2025
6.3 North America Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Market Size by Application (2021-2032)
6.4 North America Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
6.5 North America Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Market Size by Country
6.5.1 North America Revenue Trends by Country
6.5.2 US
6.5.3 Canada
6.5.4 Mexico
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Market Size (2021-2032)
7.2 Europe Key Players’ Revenue in 2025
7.3 Europe Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Market Size by Application (2021-2032)
7.4 Europe Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
7.5 Europe Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Market Size by Country
7.5.1 Europe Revenue Trends by Country
7.5.2 Germany
7.5.3 France
7.5.4 U.K.
7.5.5 Italy
7.5.6 Russia
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific Market Size (2021-2032)
8.2 Asia-Pacific Key Players’ Revenue in 2025
8.3 Asia-Pacific Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Market Size by Application (2021-2032)
8.4 Asia-Pacific Growth Accelerators and Market Barriers
8.5 Asia-Pacific Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Market Size by Region
8.5.1 Asia-Pacific Revenue Trends by Region
8.6 China
8.7 Japan
8.8 South Korea
8.9 Australia
8.10 India
8.11 Southeast Asia
8.11.1 Indonesia
8.11.2 Vietnam
8.11.3 Malaysia
8.11.4 Philippines
8.11.5 Singapore
9 Central and South America
9.1 Central and South America Market Size (2021-2032)
9.2 Central and South America Key Players’ Revenue in 2025
9.3 Central and South America Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Market Size by Application (2021-2032)
9.4 Central and South America Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
9.5 Central and South America Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Market Size by Country
9.5.1 Central and South America Revenue Trends by Country (2021 vs 2025 vs 2032)
9.5.2 Brazil
9.5.3 Argentina
10 Middle East and Africa
10.1 Middle East and Africa Market Size (2021-2032)
10.2 Middle East and Africa Key Players’ Revenue in 2025
10.3 Middle East and Africa Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Market Size by Application (2021-2032)
10.4 Middle East and Africa Investment Opportunities and Key Challenges
10.5 Middle East and Africa Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Market Size by Country
10.5.1 Middle East and Africa Revenue Trends by Country (2021 vs 2025 vs 2032)
10.5.2 GCC Countries
10.5.3 Israel
10.5.4 Egypt
10.5.5 South Africa
11 Corporate Profile
11.1 Kistler
11.1.1 Kistler Corporation Information
11.1.2 Kistler Business Overview
11.1.3 Kistler Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Product Features and Attributes
11.1.4 Kistler Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
11.1.5 Kistler Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue by Product in 2025
11.1.6 Kistler Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue by Application in 2025
11.1.7 Kistler Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue by Geographic Area in 2025
11.1.8 Kistler Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System SWOT Analysis
11.1.9 Kistler Recent Developments
11.2 ⁠Bently Nevada
11.2.1 ⁠Bently Nevada Corporation Information
11.2.2 ⁠Bently Nevada Business Overview
11.2.3 ⁠Bently Nevada Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Product Features and Attributes
11.2.4 ⁠Bently Nevada Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
11.2.5 ⁠Bently Nevada Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue by Product in 2025
11.2.6 ⁠Bently Nevada Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue by Application in 2025
11.2.7 ⁠Bently Nevada Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue by Geographic Area in 2025
11.2.8 ⁠Bently Nevada Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System SWOT Analysis
11.2.9 ⁠Bently Nevada Recent Developments
11.3 ⁠Mirion Technologies
11.3.1 ⁠Mirion Technologies Corporation Information
11.3.2 ⁠Mirion Technologies Business Overview
11.3.3 ⁠Mirion Technologies Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Product Features and Attributes
11.3.4 ⁠Mirion Technologies Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
11.3.5 ⁠Mirion Technologies Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue by Product in 2025
11.3.6 ⁠Mirion Technologies Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue by Application in 2025
11.3.7 ⁠Mirion Technologies Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue by Geographic Area in 2025
11.3.8 ⁠Mirion Technologies Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System SWOT Analysis
11.3.9 ⁠Mirion Technologies Recent Developments
11.4 ⁠Westinghouse Nuclear
11.4.1 ⁠Westinghouse Nuclear Corporation Information
11.4.2 ⁠Westinghouse Nuclear Business Overview
11.4.3 ⁠Westinghouse Nuclear Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Product Features and Attributes
11.4.4 ⁠Westinghouse Nuclear Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
11.4.5 ⁠Westinghouse Nuclear Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue by Product in 2025
11.4.6 ⁠Westinghouse Nuclear Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue by Application in 2025
11.4.7 ⁠Westinghouse Nuclear Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue by Geographic Area in 2025
11.4.8 ⁠Westinghouse Nuclear Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System SWOT Analysis
11.4.9 ⁠Westinghouse Nuclear Recent Developments
11.5 ⁠Sensonics
11.5.1 ⁠Sensonics Corporation Information
11.5.2 ⁠Sensonics Business Overview
11.5.3 ⁠Sensonics Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Product Features and Attributes
11.5.4 ⁠Sensonics Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
11.5.5 ⁠Sensonics Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue by Product in 2025
11.5.6 ⁠Sensonics Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue by Application in 2025
11.5.7 ⁠Sensonics Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue by Geographic Area in 2025
11.5.8 ⁠Sensonics Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System SWOT Analysis
11.5.9 ⁠Sensonics Recent Developments
11.6 ITI Group
11.6.1 ITI Group Corporation Information
11.6.2 ITI Group Business Overview
11.6.3 ITI Group Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Product Features and Attributes
11.6.4 ITI Group Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
11.6.5 ITI Group Recent Developments
11.7 Encardio Rite
11.7.1 Encardio Rite Corporation Information
11.7.2 Encardio Rite Business Overview
11.7.3 Encardio Rite Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Product Features and Attributes
11.7.4 Encardio Rite Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
11.7.5 Encardio Rite Recent Developments
11.8 GeoSIG
11.8.1 GeoSIG Corporation Information
11.8.2 GeoSIG Business Overview
11.8.3 GeoSIG Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Product Features and Attributes
11.8.4 GeoSIG Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
11.8.5 GeoSIG Recent Developments
11.9 Baker Hughes
11.9.1 Baker Hughes Corporation Information
11.9.2 Baker Hughes Business Overview
11.9.3 Baker Hughes Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Product Features and Attributes
11.9.4 Baker Hughes Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
11.9.5 Baker Hughes Recent Developments
11.10 Mirion
11.10.1 Mirion Corporation Information
11.10.2 Mirion Business Overview
11.10.3 Mirion Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Product Features and Attributes
11.10.4 Mirion Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
11.10.5 Company Ten Recent Developments
11.11 Wilcoxon Sensing Technologies
11.11.1 Wilcoxon Sensing Technologies Corporation Information
11.11.2 Wilcoxon Sensing Technologies Business Overview
11.11.3 Wilcoxon Sensing Technologies Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Product Features and Attributes
11.11.4 Wilcoxon Sensing Technologies Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
11.11.5 Wilcoxon Sensing Technologies Recent Developments
11.12 Hitachi GE Vernova Nuclear Energy
11.12.1 Hitachi GE Vernova Nuclear Energy Corporation Information
11.12.2 Hitachi GE Vernova Nuclear Energy Business Overview
11.12.3 Hitachi GE Vernova Nuclear Energy Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Product Features and Attributes
11.12.4 Hitachi GE Vernova Nuclear Energy Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
11.12.5 Hitachi GE Vernova Nuclear Energy Recent Developments
11.13 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
11.13.1 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Corporation Information
11.13.2 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Business Overview
11.13.3 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Product Features and Attributes
11.13.4 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
11.13.5 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Recent Developments
11.14 SHINKAWA Electric Co., Ltd.
11.14.1 SHINKAWA Electric Co., Ltd. Corporation Information
11.14.2 SHINKAWA Electric Co., Ltd. Business Overview
11.14.3 SHINKAWA Electric Co., Ltd. Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Product Features and Attributes
11.14.4 SHINKAWA Electric Co., Ltd. Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
11.14.5 SHINKAWA Electric Co., Ltd. Recent Developments
11.15 CNCS
11.15.1 CNCS Corporation Information
11.15.2 CNCS Business Overview
11.15.3 CNCS Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Product Features and Attributes
11.15.4 CNCS Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
11.15.5 CNCS Recent Developments
11.16 CGN
11.16.1 CGN Corporation Information
11.16.2 CGN Business Overview
11.16.3 CGN Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Product Features and Attributes
11.16.4 CGN Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
11.16.5 CGN Recent Developments
11.17 China National Nuclear Corporation
11.17.1 China National Nuclear Corporation Corporation Information
11.17.2 China National Nuclear Corporation Business Overview
11.17.3 China National Nuclear Corporation Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Product Features and Attributes
11.17.4 China National Nuclear Corporation Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Revenue and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
11.17.5 China National Nuclear Corporation Recent Developments
12 Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Value Chain and Ecosystem Analysis
12.1 Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Value Chain (Ecosystem Structure)
12.2 Upstream Analysis
12.2.1 Key Technologies, Platforms and Infrastructure
12.3 Midstream Analysis
12.4 Downstream Sales Model and Distribution Networks
12.4.1 Sales Channels
12.4.2 Distributors
13 Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Market Dynamics
13.1 Industry Trends and Evolution
13.2 Market Growth Drivers and Emerging Opportunities
13.3 Market Challenges, Risks, and Restraints
14 Key Findings in the Global Nuclear Power Condition Monitoring System Study
15 Appendix
15.1 Research Methodology
15.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
15.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
15.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
15.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
15.1.2 Data Source
15.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
15.1.2.2 Primary Sources
15.2 Author Details