Summary

The global market for Steel Wire Rope was estimated to be worth US$ 8031 million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 9126 million by 2031 with a CAGR of 2.2% during the forecast period 2025-2031.
Steel wire rope is a piece of machinery which is widely used in construction, mining, oil & gas extraction and other areas. Usually, a steel wire rope is composed of wires, strands and a core, which is made of fiber or steel. The purpose of the core is to provide support and maintain the position of the outer strands during operation. The wires are predominantly constructed from high-carbon steel and stainless steel. The wires are twisted to form strands and they designate the strength of the steel wire rope.
The global steel wire rope market is expected to grow in the next few years. This growth is the result of the interweaving of multiple factors such as technological iteration, regional demand differentiation, raw material price fluctuations and exchange rate risks. From the perspective of product type, cross-twist steel wire rope occupies an absolute dominant position, and it is expected that the sales share will reach 76.63% in 2031. Its technical advantages lie in high fatigue resistance and stability, and it is widely used in high-intensity scenarios such as lifting and mining. With the improvement of industrial automation and safety standards, the market demand for high-performance steel wire ropes continues to grow, forcing companies to increase R&D investment. For example, core manufacturers such as Bridon-Bekaert and Kiswire have improved product durability by optimizing twisting processes and coating technologies, consolidating their share in the high-end market.
At the regional level, the global consumer market presents a "one super and many strong" pattern: China ranks first with a sales share of 38.06%, mainly benefiting from infrastructure expansion and manufacturing upgrades. In contrast, India has become a growth pole with a CAGR of 5.18% (2025-2031), driven by the accelerated industrialization process and the cost advantages of the local supply chain. As traditional markets (accounting for 42.98% in total), Europe and North America have saturated demand, and growth depends on the renewal of stock equipment and green energy projects (such as offshore wind power).
From the production side, China dominates the global supply with a production share of 69.56%, followed by Europe (10.06%). The scale effect and low-cost raw materials (such as domestic steel overcapacity) of Chinese companies form core competitiveness, but the rising environmental protection costs under the "dual carbon" policy may compress profit margins. In the future, India, Southeast Asia and other places are expected to have a production share of 7.37% in 2031 by relying on labor cost advantages and policy support, diverting some low-end and mid-end orders. In addition, raw material price fluctuations have become a key risk. The main raw material for steel wire rope is high-carbon steel, and its price is significantly affected by iron ore, energy costs and geopolitics (such as the conflict between Russia and Ukraine). In 2023, the global steel price volatility will be as high as 15%, forcing manufacturers to lock in costs through long-term agreements or turn to regional procurement strategies.
At the application level, lifting equipment accounts for 44.15% of the market share, and its growth (CAGR 2.86%) is directly related to global port expansion and new energy infrastructure.
From the perspective of the competitive landscape, in 2024, the world's first-tier manufacturers mainly include Kiswire, Bridon-Bekaert and WireCo World Group, and the first-tier manufacturers account for about 18.12% of the market share; the second-tier manufacturers include Usha Martin, Jiangsu Langshan wire rope, Teufelberger and Guizhou Steel rope Group, etc., with a total share of 22.52%. The leading manufacturers in the Chinese market include Jiangsu Langshan Wire Rope, Guizhou Wire Rope, Jiangsu Juli Wire Rope, SAFETY, Xianyang BOMCO and JULI SLING. At present, in the Chinese market, international manufacturers led by Brugg and Bridon-Bekaert have laid out their presence in China early and built factories. With their strong R&D capabilities, they have occupied a part of the mid-to-high-end market. Other international manufacturers such as Teufelberger and WireCo World have not built factories in China, but sell imported products in China by setting up sales branches or agents. However, in the high-end market, Chinese manufacturers are conquering related technologies. China's steel wire rope imports have declined year by year since 2021. Chinese manufacturers are also gradually replacing foreign manufacturers in the mid-to-high-end market. The import volume in 2024 is about 46,000 tons. Unlike the Chinese market, in other countries such as South Korea, Japan, and India, leading companies occupy a large market share. For example, in the Korean market, Kiswire occupies about 50% of the market share; in the Japanese market, Tokyo Rope occupies about 40% of the market share; in the Indian market, Usha Martin occupies about 60% of the market share. It is worth noting that the Japanese market is significantly affected by exchange rate fluctuations, with a revenue CAGR of -3.07% from 2020 to 2024.
The growth logic of the future steel wire rope market has shifted from "scale expansion" to "value enhancement". Technological innovation capabilities, regional supply chain resilience and ESG compliance will become the core variables for corporate differentiation. Under multiple challenges, manufacturers with technological foresight, global layout and risk management capabilities will lead a new round of industry reshuffles, while companies that rely on low-cost expansion may face severe survival pressure.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Steel Wire Rope, focusing on the total sales volume, sales revenue, price, key companies market share and ranking, together with an analysis of Steel Wire Rope by region & country, by Type, and by Application.
The Steel Wire Rope market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (K Tons) and sales revenue ($ millions), considering 2024 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2020 to 2031. With both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Steel Wire Rope.
Market Segmentation
By Company
Kiswire
Bridon-Bekaert
WireCo World Group
Usha Martin
Jiangsu langshan Wrie Rope
Teufelberger
Guizhou steel rope
DSR Wire
Tokyo Rope
Brugg
Jiangsu Juli wire Rope
Xianyang BOMCO Steel Tube＆Wirerope
Kobelco Wire
SAFETY
JULI SLING
Golik Holdings
Gustav Wolf
Jiangsu Shenwang group
Zhongying steel rope
Valin Precision
Hubei Fuxing Technology
Segment by Type
Right Regular Lay
Right Lang Lay
Left Regular Lay
Left Lang Lay
Segment by Application
Industrial & Crane
Oil & Gas
Mining
Fishing & Marine
Others
By Region
North America
United States
Canada
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia
Rest of Asia-Pacific
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Netherlands
Nordic Countries
Rest of Europe
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Rest of Latin America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of MEA
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size (value, volume and price). This chapter also provides the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Steel Wire Rope manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 5: Sales, revenue of Steel Wire Rope in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.
Chapter 6: Sales, revenue of Steel Wire Rope in country level. It provides sigmate data by Type, and by Application for each country/region.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Conclusion.

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Table of Contents

1 Market Overview
1.1 Steel Wire Rope Product Introduction
1.2 Global Steel Wire Rope Market Size Forecast
1.2.1 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Value (2020-2031)
1.2.2 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Volume (2020-2031)
1.2.3 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Price (2020-2031)
1.3 Steel Wire Rope Market Trends & Drivers
1.3.1 Steel Wire Rope Industry Trends
1.3.2 Steel Wire Rope Market Drivers & Opportunity
1.3.3 Steel Wire Rope Market Challenges
1.3.4 Steel Wire Rope Market Restraints
1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Competitive Analysis by Company
2.1 Global Steel Wire Rope Players Revenue Ranking (2024)
2.2 Global Steel Wire Rope Revenue by Company (2020-2025)
2.3 Global Steel Wire Rope Players Sales Volume Ranking (2024)
2.4 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Volume by Company Players (2020-2025)
2.5 Global Steel Wire Rope Average Price by Company (2020-2025)
2.6 Key Manufacturers Steel Wire Rope Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
2.7 Key Manufacturers Steel Wire Rope Product Offered
2.8 Key Manufacturers Time to Begin Mass Production of Steel Wire Rope
2.9 Steel Wire Rope Market Competitive Analysis
2.9.1 Steel Wire Rope Market Concentration Rate (2020-2025)
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Steel Wire Rope Revenue in 2024
2.9.3 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Steel Wire Rope as of 2024)
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Segmentation by Type
3.1 Introduction by Type
3.1.1 Right Regular Lay
3.1.2 Right Lang Lay
3.1.3 Left Regular Lay
3.1.4 Left Lang Lay
3.2 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Type
3.2.1 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
3.2.2 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Value, by Type (2020-2031)
3.2.3 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Value, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
3.3 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Volume by Type
3.3.1 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Volume by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
3.3.2 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Volume, by Type (2020-2031)
3.3.3 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Volume, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
3.4 Global Steel Wire Rope Average Price by Type (2020-2031)
4 Segmentation by Application
4.1 Introduction by Application
4.1.1 Industrial & Crane
4.1.2 Oil & Gas
4.1.3 Mining
4.1.4 Fishing & Marine
4.1.5 Others
4.2 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Application
4.2.1 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
4.2.2 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Value, by Application (2020-2031)
4.2.3 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Value, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
4.3 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Volume by Application
4.3.1 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Volume by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
4.3.2 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Volume, by Application (2020-2031)
4.3.3 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Volume, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
4.4 Global Steel Wire Rope Average Price by Application (2020-2031)
5 Segmentation by Region
5.1 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Region
5.1.1 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
5.1.2 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Region (2020-2025)
5.1.3 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Region (2026-2031)
5.1.4 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Region (%), (2020-2031)
5.2 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Volume by Region
5.2.1 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Volume by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
5.2.2 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Volume by Region (2020-2025)
5.2.3 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Volume by Region (2026-2031)
5.2.4 Global Steel Wire Rope Sales Volume by Region (%), (2020-2031)
5.3 Global Steel Wire Rope Average Price by Region (2020-2031)
5.4 North America
5.4.1 North America Steel Wire Rope Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.4.2 North America Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
5.5 Europe
5.5.1 Europe Steel Wire Rope Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.5.2 Europe Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
5.6 Asia Pacific
5.6.1 Asia Pacific Steel Wire Rope Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.6.2 Asia Pacific Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Region (%), 2024 VS 2031
5.7 South America
5.7.1 South America Steel Wire Rope Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.7.2 South America Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
5.8 Middle East & Africa
5.8.1 Middle East & Africa Steel Wire Rope Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.8.2 Middle East & Africa Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
6 Segmentation by Key Countries/Regions
6.1 Key Countries/Regions Steel Wire Rope Sales Value Growth Trends, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
6.2 Key Countries/Regions Steel Wire Rope Sales Value and Sales Volume
6.2.1 Key Countries/Regions Steel Wire Rope Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.2.2 Key Countries/Regions Steel Wire Rope Sales Volume, 2020-2031
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Steel Wire Rope Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.3.2 United States Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.3.3 United States Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.4 Europe
6.4.1 Europe Steel Wire Rope Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.4.2 Europe Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.4.3 Europe Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Steel Wire Rope Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.5.2 China Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.5.3 China Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.6 Japan
6.6.1 Japan Steel Wire Rope Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.6.2 Japan Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.6.3 Japan Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.7 South Korea
6.7.1 South Korea Steel Wire Rope Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.7.2 South Korea Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.7.3 South Korea Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.8 Southeast Asia
6.8.1 Southeast Asia Steel Wire Rope Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.8.2 Southeast Asia Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.8.3 Southeast Asia Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.9 India
6.9.1 India Steel Wire Rope Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.9.2 India Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.9.3 India Steel Wire Rope Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
7 Company Profiles
7.1 Kiswire
7.1.1 Kiswire Company Information
7.1.2 Kiswire Introduction and Business Overview
7.1.3 Kiswire Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.1.4 Kiswire Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.1.5 Kiswire Recent Development
7.2 Bridon-Bekaert
7.2.1 Bridon-Bekaert Company Information
7.2.2 Bridon-Bekaert Introduction and Business Overview
7.2.3 Bridon-Bekaert Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.2.4 Bridon-Bekaert Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.2.5 Bridon-Bekaert Recent Development
7.3 WireCo World Group
7.3.1 WireCo World Group Company Information
7.3.2 WireCo World Group Introduction and Business Overview
7.3.3 WireCo World Group Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.3.4 WireCo World Group Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.3.5 WireCo World Group Recent Development
7.4 Usha Martin
7.4.1 Usha Martin Company Information
7.4.2 Usha Martin Introduction and Business Overview
7.4.3 Usha Martin Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.4.4 Usha Martin Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.4.5 Usha Martin Recent Development
7.5 Jiangsu langshan Wrie Rope
7.5.1 Jiangsu langshan Wrie Rope Company Information
7.5.2 Jiangsu langshan Wrie Rope Introduction and Business Overview
7.5.3 Jiangsu langshan Wrie Rope Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.5.4 Jiangsu langshan Wrie Rope Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.5.5 Jiangsu langshan Wrie Rope Recent Development
7.6 Teufelberger
7.6.1 Teufelberger Company Information
7.6.2 Teufelberger Introduction and Business Overview
7.6.3 Teufelberger Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.6.4 Teufelberger Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.6.5 Teufelberger Recent Development
7.7 Guizhou steel rope
7.7.1 Guizhou steel rope Company Information
7.7.2 Guizhou steel rope Introduction and Business Overview
7.7.3 Guizhou steel rope Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.7.4 Guizhou steel rope Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.7.5 Guizhou steel rope Recent Development
7.8 DSR Wire
7.8.1 DSR Wire Company Information
7.8.2 DSR Wire Introduction and Business Overview
7.8.3 DSR Wire Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.8.4 DSR Wire Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.8.5 DSR Wire Recent Development
7.9 Tokyo Rope
7.9.1 Tokyo Rope Company Information
7.9.2 Tokyo Rope Introduction and Business Overview
7.9.3 Tokyo Rope Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.9.4 Tokyo Rope Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.9.5 Tokyo Rope Recent Development
7.10 Brugg
7.10.1 Brugg Company Information
7.10.2 Brugg Introduction and Business Overview
7.10.3 Brugg Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.10.4 Brugg Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.10.5 Brugg Recent Development
7.11 Jiangsu Juli wire Rope
7.11.1 Jiangsu Juli wire Rope Company Information
7.11.2 Jiangsu Juli wire Rope Introduction and Business Overview
7.11.3 Jiangsu Juli wire Rope Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.11.4 Jiangsu Juli wire Rope Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.11.5 Jiangsu Juli wire Rope Recent Development
7.12 Xianyang BOMCO Steel Tube＆Wirerope
7.12.1 Xianyang BOMCO Steel Tube＆Wirerope Company Information
7.12.2 Xianyang BOMCO Steel Tube＆Wirerope Introduction and Business Overview
7.12.3 Xianyang BOMCO Steel Tube＆Wirerope Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.12.4 Xianyang BOMCO Steel Tube＆Wirerope Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.12.5 Xianyang BOMCO Steel Tube＆Wirerope Recent Development
7.13 Kobelco Wire
7.13.1 Kobelco Wire Company Information
7.13.2 Kobelco Wire Introduction and Business Overview
7.13.3 Kobelco Wire Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.13.4 Kobelco Wire Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.13.5 Kobelco Wire Recent Development
7.14 SAFETY
7.14.1 SAFETY Company Information
7.14.2 SAFETY Introduction and Business Overview
7.14.3 SAFETY Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.14.4 SAFETY Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.14.5 SAFETY Recent Development
7.15 JULI SLING
7.15.1 JULI SLING Company Information
7.15.2 JULI SLING Introduction and Business Overview
7.15.3 JULI SLING Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.15.4 JULI SLING Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.15.5 JULI SLING Recent Development
7.16 Golik Holdings
7.16.1 Golik Holdings Company Information
7.16.2 Golik Holdings Introduction and Business Overview
7.16.3 Golik Holdings Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.16.4 Golik Holdings Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.16.5 Golik Holdings Recent Development
7.17 Gustav Wolf
7.17.1 Gustav Wolf Company Information
7.17.2 Gustav Wolf Introduction and Business Overview
7.17.3 Gustav Wolf Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.17.4 Gustav Wolf Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.17.5 Gustav Wolf Recent Development
7.18 Jiangsu Shenwang group
7.18.1 Jiangsu Shenwang group Company Information
7.18.2 Jiangsu Shenwang group Introduction and Business Overview
7.18.3 Jiangsu Shenwang group Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.18.4 Jiangsu Shenwang group Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.18.5 Jiangsu Shenwang group Recent Development
7.19 Zhongying steel rope
7.19.1 Zhongying steel rope Company Information
7.19.2 Zhongying steel rope Introduction and Business Overview
7.19.3 Zhongying steel rope Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.19.4 Zhongying steel rope Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.19.5 Zhongying steel rope Recent Development
7.20 Valin Precision
7.20.1 Valin Precision Company Information
7.20.2 Valin Precision Introduction and Business Overview
7.20.3 Valin Precision Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.20.4 Valin Precision Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.20.5 Valin Precision Recent Development
7.21 Hubei Fuxing Technology
7.21.1 Hubei Fuxing Technology Company Information
7.21.2 Hubei Fuxing Technology Introduction and Business Overview
7.21.3 Hubei Fuxing Technology Steel Wire Rope Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.21.4 Hubei Fuxing Technology Steel Wire Rope Product Offerings
7.21.5 Hubei Fuxing Technology Recent Development
8 Industry Chain Analysis
8.1 Steel Wire Rope Industrial Chain
8.2 Steel Wire Rope Upstream Analysis
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.2.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Midstream Analysis
8.4 Downstream Analysis (Customers Analysis)
8.5 Sales Model and Sales Channels
8.5.1 Steel Wire Rope Sales Model
8.5.2 Sales Channel
8.5.3 Steel Wire Rope Distributors
9 Research Findings and Conclusion
10 Appendix
10.1 Research Methodology
10.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
10.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
10.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
10.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
10.1.2 Data Source
10.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
10.1.2.2 Primary Sources
10.2 Author Details
10.3 Disclaimer