Summary

The global market for Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer was estimated to be worth US$ 23060 million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 36480 million by 2031 with a CAGR of 7.0% during the forecast period 2025-2031.
Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer are devices used to change voltage and are widely used in power transmission and distribution systems, especially in high-voltage, high-power power systems. They are usually used to convert high-voltage electrical energy into a low voltage suitable for users, or vice versa, to ensure that electricity can be transmitted over long distances with minimal losses while providing the appropriate voltage as needed. Heavy transformers generally handle large amounts of power, usually hundreds of kilovolt-amperes (kVA) to millions of kilovolt-amperes (MVA), and are used to provide power to large areas or industrial facilities.
In terms of product type and technology, oil-immersed transformers dominate, accounting for more than 60% of the market share; dry-type transformers have a faster growth rate, mainly due to the growth in demand in new energy, rail transit and other fields.
From the perspective of product application, power transmission and distribution transformers are the most important markets, accounting for more than 47% of the market share. In the next few years, transformers for new energy power generation and rail transit will maintain rapid growth. The electrification upgrade of industries such as steel and chemical (such as electric arc furnaces replacing blast furnaces) has driven the demand for large-capacity transformers above 63 MVA.
The major manufacturers in the global market include Hitachi Energy (ABB), Siemens, GE Vernova, Mitsuibishi Electric, Tbea, HD Hyundai Electric, Toshiba, Schneider and China XD Electric, etc., especially in the high-end field, which is mainly dominated by a few companies; there are many companies in the mid- and low-end markets, which are mainly dominated by Chinese brands. In 2024, the top five manufacturers in the global market accounted for about 37% of the market share. It is expected that in the next few years, large enterprises will focus mainly on the high-end market, have strong competitiveness, and will maintain stronger competitiveness. Due to the weak R&D investment, innovation and technological capabilities, and risk resistance capabilities of small and medium-sized enterprises, the market concentration will further increase in the next few years.
Thanks to the deepening of smart grid construction, the demand for smart transformers is gradually increasing. The research and development and production of smart transformers will become one of the development trends of the transformer industry. In the future, smart transformers will continue to be optimized and upgraded, from single-function transformers to multi-functional combined transformers; from traditional coil transformers to smart universal transformers using power electronics technology.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer, focusing on the total sales volume, sales revenue, price, key companies market share and ranking, together with an analysis of Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer by region & country, by Type, and by Application.
The Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (Units) and sales revenue ($ millions), considering 2024 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2020 to 2031. With both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer.
Market Segmentation
By Company
Hitachi Energy (ABB)
Siemens
GE
Mitsuibishi Electric
Tbea
HD Hyundai Electric
Toshiba
Schneider
China XD Electric
Shandong Electrical Engineering & Equipment Group
Huapeng Transformer
Hangzhou Qiantang Riever Electric Group
SGB-SMIT
Baoding Tianwei Baobian Electric
Shihlin Electric&Engineering
WEG
Sanbian Sci-Tech
Hyosung
Eaglerise Electric & Electronic
Sojo
Shandong Dachi Electric
Segment by Type
Oil-immersed Transformer
Dry-type Transformer
Other
Segment by Application
Power Industry
Metallurgical Industry
Railway
New Energy
Others
By Region
North America
United States
Canada
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia
Rest of Asia-Pacific
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Netherlands
Nordic Countries
Rest of Europe
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Rest of Latin America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of MEA
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size (value, volume and price). This chapter also provides the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 5: Sales, revenue of Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.
Chapter 6: Sales, revenue of Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer in country level. It provides sigmate data by Type, and by Application for each country/region.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Conclusion.

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Table of Contents

1 Market Overview
1.1 Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Introduction
1.2 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Market Size Forecast
1.2.1 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value (2020-2031)
1.2.2 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Volume (2020-2031)
1.2.3 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Price (2020-2031)
1.3 Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Market Trends & Drivers
1.3.1 Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Industry Trends
1.3.2 Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Market Drivers & Opportunity
1.3.3 Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Market Challenges
1.3.4 Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Market Restraints
1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Competitive Analysis by Company
2.1 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Players Revenue Ranking (2024)
2.2 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Revenue by Company (2020-2025)
2.3 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Players Sales Volume Ranking (2024)
2.4 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Volume by Company Players (2020-2025)
2.5 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Average Price by Company (2020-2025)
2.6 Key Manufacturers Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
2.7 Key Manufacturers Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offered
2.8 Key Manufacturers Time to Begin Mass Production of Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer
2.9 Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Market Competitive Analysis
2.9.1 Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Market Concentration Rate (2020-2025)
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Revenue in 2024
2.9.3 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer as of 2024)
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Segmentation by Type
3.1 Introduction by Type
3.1.1 Oil-immersed Transformer
3.1.2 Dry-type Transformer
3.1.3 Other
3.2 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Type
3.2.1 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
3.2.2 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value, by Type (2020-2031)
3.2.3 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
3.3 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Volume by Type
3.3.1 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Volume by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
3.3.2 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Volume, by Type (2020-2031)
3.3.3 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Volume, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
3.4 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Average Price by Type (2020-2031)
4 Segmentation by Application
4.1 Introduction by Application
4.1.1 Power Industry
4.1.2 Metallurgical Industry
4.1.3 Railway
4.1.4 New Energy
4.1.5 Others
4.2 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Application
4.2.1 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
4.2.2 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value, by Application (2020-2031)
4.2.3 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
4.3 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Volume by Application
4.3.1 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Volume by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
4.3.2 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Volume, by Application (2020-2031)
4.3.3 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Volume, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
4.4 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Average Price by Application (2020-2031)
5 Segmentation by Region
5.1 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Region
5.1.1 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
5.1.2 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Region (2020-2025)
5.1.3 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Region (2026-2031)
5.1.4 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Region (%), (2020-2031)
5.2 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Volume by Region
5.2.1 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Volume by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
5.2.2 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Volume by Region (2020-2025)
5.2.3 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Volume by Region (2026-2031)
5.2.4 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Volume by Region (%), (2020-2031)
5.3 Global Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Average Price by Region (2020-2031)
5.4 North America
5.4.1 North America Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.4.2 North America Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
5.5 Europe
5.5.1 Europe Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.5.2 Europe Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
5.6 Asia Pacific
5.6.1 Asia Pacific Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.6.2 Asia Pacific Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Region (%), 2024 VS 2031
5.7 South America
5.7.1 South America Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.7.2 South America Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
5.8 Middle East & Africa
5.8.1 Middle East & Africa Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.8.2 Middle East & Africa Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
6 Segmentation by Key Countries/Regions
6.1 Key Countries/Regions Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value Growth Trends, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
6.2 Key Countries/Regions Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value and Sales Volume
6.2.1 Key Countries/Regions Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.2.2 Key Countries/Regions Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Volume, 2020-2031
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.3.2 United States Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.3.3 United States Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.4 Europe
6.4.1 Europe Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.4.2 Europe Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.4.3 Europe Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.5.2 China Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.5.3 China Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.6 Japan
6.6.1 Japan Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.6.2 Japan Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.6.3 Japan Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.7 South Korea
6.7.1 South Korea Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.7.2 South Korea Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.7.3 South Korea Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.8 Southeast Asia
6.8.1 Southeast Asia Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.8.2 Southeast Asia Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.8.3 Southeast Asia Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.9 India
6.9.1 India Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.9.2 India Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.9.3 India Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
7 Company Profiles
7.1 Hitachi Energy (ABB)
7.1.1 Hitachi Energy (ABB) Company Information
7.1.2 Hitachi Energy (ABB) Introduction and Business Overview
7.1.3 Hitachi Energy (ABB) Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.1.4 Hitachi Energy (ABB) Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.1.5 Hitachi Energy (ABB) Recent Development
7.2 Siemens
7.2.1 Siemens Company Information
7.2.2 Siemens Introduction and Business Overview
7.2.3 Siemens Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.2.4 Siemens Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.2.5 Siemens Recent Development
7.3 GE
7.3.1 GE Company Information
7.3.2 GE Introduction and Business Overview
7.3.3 GE Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.3.4 GE Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.3.5 GE Recent Development
7.4 Mitsuibishi Electric
7.4.1 Mitsuibishi Electric Company Information
7.4.2 Mitsuibishi Electric Introduction and Business Overview
7.4.3 Mitsuibishi Electric Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.4.4 Mitsuibishi Electric Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.4.5 Mitsuibishi Electric Recent Development
7.5 Tbea
7.5.1 Tbea Company Information
7.5.2 Tbea Introduction and Business Overview
7.5.3 Tbea Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.5.4 Tbea Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.5.5 Tbea Recent Development
7.6 HD Hyundai Electric
7.6.1 HD Hyundai Electric Company Information
7.6.2 HD Hyundai Electric Introduction and Business Overview
7.6.3 HD Hyundai Electric Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.6.4 HD Hyundai Electric Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.6.5 HD Hyundai Electric Recent Development
7.7 Toshiba
7.7.1 Toshiba Company Information
7.7.2 Toshiba Introduction and Business Overview
7.7.3 Toshiba Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.7.4 Toshiba Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.7.5 Toshiba Recent Development
7.8 Schneider
7.8.1 Schneider Company Information
7.8.2 Schneider Introduction and Business Overview
7.8.3 Schneider Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.8.4 Schneider Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.8.5 Schneider Recent Development
7.9 China XD Electric
7.9.1 China XD Electric Company Information
7.9.2 China XD Electric Introduction and Business Overview
7.9.3 China XD Electric Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.9.4 China XD Electric Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.9.5 China XD Electric Recent Development
7.10 Shandong Electrical Engineering & Equipment Group
7.10.1 Shandong Electrical Engineering & Equipment Group Company Information
7.10.2 Shandong Electrical Engineering & Equipment Group Introduction and Business Overview
7.10.3 Shandong Electrical Engineering & Equipment Group Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.10.4 Shandong Electrical Engineering & Equipment Group Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.10.5 Shandong Electrical Engineering & Equipment Group Recent Development
7.11 Huapeng Transformer
7.11.1 Huapeng Transformer Company Information
7.11.2 Huapeng Transformer Introduction and Business Overview
7.11.3 Huapeng Transformer Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.11.4 Huapeng Transformer Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.11.5 Huapeng Transformer Recent Development
7.12 Hangzhou Qiantang Riever Electric Group
7.12.1 Hangzhou Qiantang Riever Electric Group Company Information
7.12.2 Hangzhou Qiantang Riever Electric Group Introduction and Business Overview
7.12.3 Hangzhou Qiantang Riever Electric Group Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.12.4 Hangzhou Qiantang Riever Electric Group Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.12.5 Hangzhou Qiantang Riever Electric Group Recent Development
7.13 SGB-SMIT
7.13.1 SGB-SMIT Company Information
7.13.2 SGB-SMIT Introduction and Business Overview
7.13.3 SGB-SMIT Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.13.4 SGB-SMIT Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.13.5 SGB-SMIT Recent Development
7.14 Baoding Tianwei Baobian Electric
7.14.1 Baoding Tianwei Baobian Electric Company Information
7.14.2 Baoding Tianwei Baobian Electric Introduction and Business Overview
7.14.3 Baoding Tianwei Baobian Electric Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.14.4 Baoding Tianwei Baobian Electric Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.14.5 Baoding Tianwei Baobian Electric Recent Development
7.15 Shihlin Electric&Engineering
7.15.1 Shihlin Electric&Engineering Company Information
7.15.2 Shihlin Electric&Engineering Introduction and Business Overview
7.15.3 Shihlin Electric&Engineering Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.15.4 Shihlin Electric&Engineering Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.15.5 Shihlin Electric&Engineering Recent Development
7.16 WEG
7.16.1 WEG Company Information
7.16.2 WEG Introduction and Business Overview
7.16.3 WEG Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.16.4 WEG Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.16.5 WEG Recent Development
7.17 Sanbian Sci-Tech
7.17.1 Sanbian Sci-Tech Company Information
7.17.2 Sanbian Sci-Tech Introduction and Business Overview
7.17.3 Sanbian Sci-Tech Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.17.4 Sanbian Sci-Tech Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.17.5 Sanbian Sci-Tech Recent Development
7.18 Hyosung
7.18.1 Hyosung Company Information
7.18.2 Hyosung Introduction and Business Overview
7.18.3 Hyosung Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.18.4 Hyosung Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.18.5 Hyosung Recent Development
7.19 Eaglerise Electric & Electronic
7.19.1 Eaglerise Electric & Electronic Company Information
7.19.2 Eaglerise Electric & Electronic Introduction and Business Overview
7.19.3 Eaglerise Electric & Electronic Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.19.4 Eaglerise Electric & Electronic Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.19.5 Eaglerise Electric & Electronic Recent Development
7.20 Sojo
7.20.1 Sojo Company Information
7.20.2 Sojo Introduction and Business Overview
7.20.3 Sojo Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.20.4 Sojo Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.20.5 Sojo Recent Development
7.21 Shandong Dachi Electric
7.21.1 Shandong Dachi Electric Company Information
7.21.2 Shandong Dachi Electric Introduction and Business Overview
7.21.3 Shandong Dachi Electric Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.21.4 Shandong Dachi Electric Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Product Offerings
7.21.5 Shandong Dachi Electric Recent Development
8 Industry Chain Analysis
8.1 Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Industrial Chain
8.2 Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Upstream Analysis
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.2.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Midstream Analysis
8.4 Downstream Analysis (Customers Analysis)
8.5 Sales Model and Sales Channels
8.5.1 Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Sales Model
8.5.2 Sales Channel
8.5.3 Heavy Electrical Equipment Transformer Distributors
9 Research Findings and Conclusion
10 Appendix
10.1 Research Methodology
10.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
10.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
10.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
10.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
10.1.2 Data Source
10.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
10.1.2.2 Primary Sources
10.2 Author Details
10.3 Disclaimer