Summary

The global market for Absorbent Surgical Dressing was estimated to be worth US$ 6585 million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 8075 million by 2031 with a CAGR of 3.0% during the forecast period 2025-2031.
Absorbent surgical dressings are special materials used for wound care. They are usually made of highly absorbent materials and can quickly absorb secretions such as blood and tissue fluid from wounds. While absorbing wound secretions, absorbent surgical dressings can keep the wound in a moist environment. This helps promote wound healing because a moist environment is conducive to cell growth and reproduction, and can also reduce discomfort symptoms such as wound pain and itching. At the same time, some absorbent surgical dressings also contain ingredients that promote wound healing, such as growth factors, collagen, etc. These ingredients can accelerate the wound healing process.
With the increasing attention paid to wound care, the arrival of an aging society, and the increase in the number of patients with chronic wounds, the global absorbent surgical dressing market continues to expand.
Traditional wound dressings such as gauze and cotton pads are still widely used, especially in some primary medical institutions and home care. This type of dressing is relatively cheap and easy to replace, but it is relatively weak in terms of absorption performance, moisture retention and breathability.
Advanced wound dressings include hydrocolloid dressings, foam dressings, alginate dressings, silver ion dressings, etc. Advanced wound dressings are significantly better than traditional dressings in performance. Although the price is higher, they are increasingly widely used in clinical practice.
The global absorbent dressing market is mainly occupied by some internationally renowned medical device companies, such as 3M, Molnlycke Healthcare, Smith & Nephew, Convatec, etc. These companies have strong R&D capabilities, production capabilities and brand influence, and have a wide sales network and customer base worldwide.
Asia Pacific is estimated to register the highest CAGR of 5.62% over the forecast period. This can be attributed to the rising prevalence of chronic and acute diseases, along with an increase in the number of surgical procedures throughout the Asia Pacific region. For instance, according to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, in 2018, there were 352,000 hospital admissions, which were involved in emergency surgical procedures. Moreover, according to a similar source, there were 2.2 million admissions, which involved elective surgery in Australia. Therefore, with such an increase in the number of surgical procedures, acute wounds are expected to increase, thereby boosting the market growth in the Asia Pacific region during the forecast period.
As a medical device, the production, sales and use of absorbent dressings are strictly regulated. Governments and relevant agencies have formulated a series of regulations and standards to strictly control the quality, safety and effectiveness of absorbent dressings. Enterprises need to continuously improve product quality and management level to meet regulatory requirements.
Global key players of absorbent surgical dressing include 3M, Smith & Nephew, Mölnlycke Health ConvaTec, BSN Medical (Essity), etc. The top five players hold a share over 40%. In terms of product type, Gauze Dressing is the largest segment, occupied for a share of 27%, and in terms of application, Home Care has a share about 55 percent.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Absorbent Surgical Dressing, focusing on the total sales volume, sales revenue, price, key companies market share and ranking, together with an analysis of Absorbent Surgical Dressing by region & country, by Type, and by Application.
The Absorbent Surgical Dressing market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (K Units) and sales revenue ($ millions), considering 2024 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2020 to 2031. With both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Absorbent Surgical Dressing.
Market Segmentation
By Company
3M
Smith & Nephew
Mölnlycke Health Care
ConvaTec
BSN Medical (Essity)
Coloplast
Hartmann Group
Urgo Group
Zhen De
Cardinal Health
Medline Industries, Inc.
Lohmann & Rauscher
B.Braun
McKesson
Integra LifeSciences
Hollister Incorporated
Advanced Medical Solutions Group
Hua Yang
Deroyal Industries, Inc.
Genewel Co., Ltd.
Wen Jian
Pharmaplast
Yi Ding
Segment by Type
Foam Dressing
Alginate Dressing
Hydrophilic Fibre Dressing
Gauze Dressing
Cotton Pad Dressing
Nonwoven Dressing
Segment by Application
Hospitals and Clinics
Home Care
Others
By Region
North America
United States
Canada
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia
Rest of Asia-Pacific
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Netherlands
Nordic Countries
Rest of Europe
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Rest of Latin America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of MEA
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size (value, volume and price). This chapter also provides the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Absorbent Surgical Dressing manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 5: Sales, revenue of Absorbent Surgical Dressing in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.
Chapter 6: Sales, revenue of Absorbent Surgical Dressing in country level. It provides sigmate data by Type, and by Application for each country/region.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Conclusion.

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Table of Contents

1 Market Overview
1.1 Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Introduction
1.2 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Market Size Forecast
1.2.1 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value (2020-2031)
1.2.2 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Volume (2020-2031)
1.2.3 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Price (2020-2031)
1.3 Absorbent Surgical Dressing Market Trends & Drivers
1.3.1 Absorbent Surgical Dressing Industry Trends
1.3.2 Absorbent Surgical Dressing Market Drivers & Opportunity
1.3.3 Absorbent Surgical Dressing Market Challenges
1.3.4 Absorbent Surgical Dressing Market Restraints
1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Competitive Analysis by Company
2.1 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Players Revenue Ranking (2024)
2.2 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Revenue by Company (2020-2025)
2.3 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Players Sales Volume Ranking (2024)
2.4 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Volume by Company Players (2020-2025)
2.5 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Average Price by Company (2020-2025)
2.6 Key Manufacturers Absorbent Surgical Dressing Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
2.7 Key Manufacturers Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offered
2.8 Key Manufacturers Time to Begin Mass Production of Absorbent Surgical Dressing
2.9 Absorbent Surgical Dressing Market Competitive Analysis
2.9.1 Absorbent Surgical Dressing Market Concentration Rate (2020-2025)
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Absorbent Surgical Dressing Revenue in 2024
2.9.3 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Absorbent Surgical Dressing as of 2024)
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Segmentation by Type
3.1 Introduction by Type
3.1.1 Foam Dressing
3.1.2 Alginate Dressing
3.1.3 Hydrophilic Fibre Dressing
3.1.4 Gauze Dressing
3.1.5 Cotton Pad Dressing
3.1.6 Nonwoven Dressing
3.2 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Type
3.2.1 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
3.2.2 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value, by Type (2020-2031)
3.2.3 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
3.3 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Volume by Type
3.3.1 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Volume by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
3.3.2 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Volume, by Type (2020-2031)
3.3.3 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Volume, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
3.4 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Average Price by Type (2020-2031)
4 Segmentation by Application
4.1 Introduction by Application
4.1.1 Hospitals and Clinics
4.1.2 Home Care
4.1.3 Others
4.2 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Application
4.2.1 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
4.2.2 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value, by Application (2020-2031)
4.2.3 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
4.3 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Volume by Application
4.3.1 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Volume by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
4.3.2 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Volume, by Application (2020-2031)
4.3.3 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Volume, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
4.4 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Average Price by Application (2020-2031)
5 Segmentation by Region
5.1 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Region
5.1.1 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
5.1.2 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Region (2020-2025)
5.1.3 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Region (2026-2031)
5.1.4 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Region (%), (2020-2031)
5.2 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Volume by Region
5.2.1 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Volume by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
5.2.2 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Volume by Region (2020-2025)
5.2.3 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Volume by Region (2026-2031)
5.2.4 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Volume by Region (%), (2020-2031)
5.3 Global Absorbent Surgical Dressing Average Price by Region (2020-2031)
5.4 North America
5.4.1 North America Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.4.2 North America Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
5.5 Europe
5.5.1 Europe Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.5.2 Europe Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
5.6 Asia Pacific
5.6.1 Asia Pacific Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.6.2 Asia Pacific Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Region (%), 2024 VS 2031
5.7 South America
5.7.1 South America Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.7.2 South America Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
5.8 Middle East & Africa
5.8.1 Middle East & Africa Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.8.2 Middle East & Africa Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
6 Segmentation by Key Countries/Regions
6.1 Key Countries/Regions Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value Growth Trends, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
6.2 Key Countries/Regions Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value and Sales Volume
6.2.1 Key Countries/Regions Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.2.2 Key Countries/Regions Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Volume, 2020-2031
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.3.2 United States Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.3.3 United States Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.4 Europe
6.4.1 Europe Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.4.2 Europe Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.4.3 Europe Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.5.2 China Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.5.3 China Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.6 Japan
6.6.1 Japan Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.6.2 Japan Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.6.3 Japan Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.7 South Korea
6.7.1 South Korea Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.7.2 South Korea Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.7.3 South Korea Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.8 Southeast Asia
6.8.1 Southeast Asia Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.8.2 Southeast Asia Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.8.3 Southeast Asia Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.9 India
6.9.1 India Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.9.2 India Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.9.3 India Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
7 Company Profiles
7.1 3M
7.1.1 3M Company Information
7.1.2 3M Introduction and Business Overview
7.1.3 3M Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.1.4 3M Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.1.5 3M Recent Development
7.2 Smith & Nephew
7.2.1 Smith & Nephew Company Information
7.2.2 Smith & Nephew Introduction and Business Overview
7.2.3 Smith & Nephew Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.2.4 Smith & Nephew Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.2.5 Smith & Nephew Recent Development
7.3 Mölnlycke Health Care
7.3.1 Mölnlycke Health Care Company Information
7.3.2 Mölnlycke Health Care Introduction and Business Overview
7.3.3 Mölnlycke Health Care Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.3.4 Mölnlycke Health Care Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.3.5 Mölnlycke Health Care Recent Development
7.4 ConvaTec
7.4.1 ConvaTec Company Information
7.4.2 ConvaTec Introduction and Business Overview
7.4.3 ConvaTec Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.4.4 ConvaTec Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.4.5 ConvaTec Recent Development
7.5 BSN Medical (Essity)
7.5.1 BSN Medical (Essity) Company Information
7.5.2 BSN Medical (Essity) Introduction and Business Overview
7.5.3 BSN Medical (Essity) Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.5.4 BSN Medical (Essity) Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.5.5 BSN Medical (Essity) Recent Development
7.6 Coloplast
7.6.1 Coloplast Company Information
7.6.2 Coloplast Introduction and Business Overview
7.6.3 Coloplast Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.6.4 Coloplast Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.6.5 Coloplast Recent Development
7.7 Hartmann Group
7.7.1 Hartmann Group Company Information
7.7.2 Hartmann Group Introduction and Business Overview
7.7.3 Hartmann Group Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.7.4 Hartmann Group Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.7.5 Hartmann Group Recent Development
7.8 Urgo Group
7.8.1 Urgo Group Company Information
7.8.2 Urgo Group Introduction and Business Overview
7.8.3 Urgo Group Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.8.4 Urgo Group Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.8.5 Urgo Group Recent Development
7.9 Zhen De
7.9.1 Zhen De Company Information
7.9.2 Zhen De Introduction and Business Overview
7.9.3 Zhen De Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.9.4 Zhen De Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.9.5 Zhen De Recent Development
7.10 Cardinal Health
7.10.1 Cardinal Health Company Information
7.10.2 Cardinal Health Introduction and Business Overview
7.10.3 Cardinal Health Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.10.4 Cardinal Health Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.10.5 Cardinal Health Recent Development
7.11 Medline Industries, Inc.
7.11.1 Medline Industries, Inc. Company Information
7.11.2 Medline Industries, Inc. Introduction and Business Overview
7.11.3 Medline Industries, Inc. Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.11.4 Medline Industries, Inc. Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.11.5 Medline Industries, Inc. Recent Development
7.12 Lohmann & Rauscher
7.12.1 Lohmann & Rauscher Company Information
7.12.2 Lohmann & Rauscher Introduction and Business Overview
7.12.3 Lohmann & Rauscher Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.12.4 Lohmann & Rauscher Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.12.5 Lohmann & Rauscher Recent Development
7.13 B.Braun
7.13.1 B.Braun Company Information
7.13.2 B.Braun Introduction and Business Overview
7.13.3 B.Braun Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.13.4 B.Braun Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.13.5 B.Braun Recent Development
7.14 McKesson
7.14.1 McKesson Company Information
7.14.2 McKesson Introduction and Business Overview
7.14.3 McKesson Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.14.4 McKesson Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.14.5 McKesson Recent Development
7.15 Integra LifeSciences
7.15.1 Integra LifeSciences Company Information
7.15.2 Integra LifeSciences Introduction and Business Overview
7.15.3 Integra LifeSciences Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.15.4 Integra LifeSciences Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.15.5 Integra LifeSciences Recent Development
7.16 Hollister Incorporated
7.16.1 Hollister Incorporated Company Information
7.16.2 Hollister Incorporated Introduction and Business Overview
7.16.3 Hollister Incorporated Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.16.4 Hollister Incorporated Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.16.5 Hollister Incorporated Recent Development
7.17 Advanced Medical Solutions Group
7.17.1 Advanced Medical Solutions Group Company Information
7.17.2 Advanced Medical Solutions Group Introduction and Business Overview
7.17.3 Advanced Medical Solutions Group Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.17.4 Advanced Medical Solutions Group Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.17.5 Advanced Medical Solutions Group Recent Development
7.18 Hua Yang
7.18.1 Hua Yang Company Information
7.18.2 Hua Yang Introduction and Business Overview
7.18.3 Hua Yang Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.18.4 Hua Yang Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.18.5 Hua Yang Recent Development
7.19 Deroyal Industries, Inc.
7.19.1 Deroyal Industries, Inc. Company Information
7.19.2 Deroyal Industries, Inc. Introduction and Business Overview
7.19.3 Deroyal Industries, Inc. Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.19.4 Deroyal Industries, Inc. Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.19.5 Deroyal Industries, Inc. Recent Development
7.20 Genewel Co., Ltd.
7.20.1 Genewel Co., Ltd. Company Information
7.20.2 Genewel Co., Ltd. Introduction and Business Overview
7.20.3 Genewel Co., Ltd. Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.20.4 Genewel Co., Ltd. Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.20.5 Genewel Co., Ltd. Recent Development
7.21 Wen Jian
7.21.1 Wen Jian Company Information
7.21.2 Wen Jian Introduction and Business Overview
7.21.3 Wen Jian Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.21.4 Wen Jian Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.21.5 Wen Jian Recent Development
7.22 Pharmaplast
7.22.1 Pharmaplast Company Information
7.22.2 Pharmaplast Introduction and Business Overview
7.22.3 Pharmaplast Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.22.4 Pharmaplast Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.22.5 Pharmaplast Recent Development
7.23 Yi Ding
7.23.1 Yi Ding Company Information
7.23.2 Yi Ding Introduction and Business Overview
7.23.3 Yi Ding Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.23.4 Yi Ding Absorbent Surgical Dressing Product Offerings
7.23.5 Yi Ding Recent Development
8 Industry Chain Analysis
8.1 Absorbent Surgical Dressing Industrial Chain
8.2 Absorbent Surgical Dressing Upstream Analysis
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.2.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Midstream Analysis
8.4 Downstream Analysis (Customers Analysis)
8.5 Sales Model and Sales Channels
8.5.1 Absorbent Surgical Dressing Sales Model
8.5.2 Sales Channel
8.5.3 Absorbent Surgical Dressing Distributors
9 Research Findings and Conclusion
10 Appendix
10.1 Research Methodology
10.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
10.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
10.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
10.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
10.1.2 Data Source
10.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
10.1.2.2 Primary Sources
10.2 Author Details
10.3 Disclaimer