Summary

The global market for Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves was estimated to be worth US$ 632 million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 868 million by 2031 with a CAGR of 4.4% during the forecast period 2025-2031.
This report provides a comprehensive assessment of recent tariff adjustments and international strategic countermeasures on Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves cross-border industrial footprints, capital allocation patterns, regional economic interdependencies, and supply chain reconfigurations.
In 2024, global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves production reached approximately 44.5 K units, with an average global market price of around US$ 14.2 K per unit.
Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves are specialized valves engineered for controlling highly abrasive and solid-laden fluids such as slurry, ash and sludge. These valves are typically full-bore, feature reinforced bodies, and have hardened or coated balls with materials such as tungsten carbide or ceramics to enhance wear resistance and prolong service life. Depending on size, they are categorized into valves under DN100, DN100–600, and above DN600, suitable for a wide range of flow capacities and working conditions. These valves are essential in industries like mining, power generation, chemicals, and water treatment, ensuring operational safety and continuity in extreme service environments.

The upstream materials for Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves include high-performance stainless steel (e.g., 316L, duplex 2205), hardfacing alloys (e.g., tungsten carbide, nickel alloys), ceramic linings (such as alumina or silicon carbide), and corrosion-resistant sealing components. Key suppliers include Baosteel and Angang Steel in China for stainless steel; Kennametal (USA) and CERATIZIT (Europe) for wear-resistant tungsten carbide components; CeramTec (Germany) for technical ceramics; and DuPont (USA) for advanced elastomers used in sealing systems.
These valves are widely used in mining, power generation, chemical processing, water treatment, etc. Key end users include Zijin Mining, Jiangxi Copper, and Yankuang Energy in mining; Huaneng Group and Huadian Group in the power sector; BASF and Wanhua Chemical in chemicals; and Beijing Enterprises Water Group and CECEP Water in wastewater treatment.

Due to their high technical complexity, value-added features, and reliability in critical processes, Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves typically achieve higher-than-average gross profit margins. Industry average gross margins range from 20% to 35%. Gross margins are influenced by raw material costs, production difficulty, and the degree of project-based customization, but overall profitability significantly exceeds that of standard industrial ball valves.
These valves are categorized by size into less than DN100, DN100 to 600, and above DN600 types, with the DN100 to 600 segment dominating the market and accounting for approximately 89% of the global market share in 2024. This dominance reflects the suitability and versatility of medium-sized valves as the preferred choice across industries.
Mining is the leading application sector for severe-duty slurry ball valves, driven by the critical requirements of slurry transport and tailings management, where high durability and corrosion resistance are essential. The power generation, chemical, and water treatment industries also contribute significantly to market demand, supporting applications such as ash handling in power plants, corrosive chemical fluid transport, and industrial wastewater treatment. Although other sectors currently represent smaller shares, growing industrial automation and environmental standards indicate strong future potential.

Market driving factors include the sustained demand from mining and power industries for high-performance valves, reinforced by global infrastructure development and stricter environmental regulations promoting durable, reliable products. Technological advancements have further enhanced valve sealing and longevity, increasing user reliance on these valves. Market restraints stem from fluctuations in raw material costs, the complexity and expense of manufacturing processes, and intense competition in certain regions, which together constrain profitability.
Leading manufacturers such as MOGAS Industries, Velan, Emerson, Bray, and DEZURIK possess mature production lines and comprehensive product portfolios that cater to various sizes and operating conditions. By optimizing supply chains and investing in R&D, these companies continually improve capacity and product quality, securing their positions at the forefront of the market.

This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves, focusing on the total sales volume, sales revenue, price, key companies market share and ranking, together with an analysis of Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves by region & country, by Type, and by Application.
The Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (Units) and sales revenue ($ millions), considering 2024 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2020 to 2031. With both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves.

Market Segmentation
By Company
MOGAS Industries
Velan
Emerson
Bray
DEZURIK
AMPO
ValvTechnologies
Valmet
KLINGER
Forum Energy Technologies
ORBINOX
Copeland Valve (ValSource International)
CRANE ChemPharma & Energy
Lianda Valve
Yuanda Valve
Shanghai Nuwave Valve
Guogong Holding Group
Segment by Type
Less than DN 100
DN 100-600
Above DN 600
Segment by Application
Mining
Power Generation
Chemicals
Water Treatment
Others
By Region
North America
United States
Canada
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Australia
Rest of Asia-Pacific
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Netherlands
Nordic Countries
Rest of Europe
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Rest of Latin America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of MEA
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size (value, volume and price). This chapter also provides the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 5: Sales, revenue of Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.
Chapter 6: Sales, revenue of Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves in country level. It provides sigmate data by Type, and by Application for each country/region.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Conclusion.

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Table of Contents

1 Market Overview
1.1 Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Product Introduction
1.2 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Market Size Forecast
1.2.1 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value (2020-2031)
1.2.2 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Volume (2020-2031)
1.2.3 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Price (2020-2031)
1.3 Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Market Trends & Drivers
1.3.1 Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Industry Trends
1.3.2 Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Market Drivers & Opportunity
1.3.3 Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Market Challenges
1.3.4 Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Market Restraints
1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Competitive Analysis by Company
2.1 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Players Revenue Ranking (2024)
2.2 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Revenue by Company (2020-2025)
2.3 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Players Sales Volume Ranking (2024)
2.4 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Volume by Company Players (2020-2025)
2.5 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Average Price by Company (2020-2025)
2.6 Key Manufacturers Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
2.7 Key Manufacturers Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Product Offered
2.8 Key Manufacturers Time to Begin Mass Production of Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves
2.9 Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Market Competitive Analysis
2.9.1 Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Market Concentration Rate (2020-2025)
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Revenue in 2024
2.9.3 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves as of 2024)
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Segmentation by Type
3.1 Introduction by Type
3.1.1 Less than DN 100
3.1.2 DN 100-600
3.1.3 Above DN 600
3.2 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Type
3.2.1 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
3.2.2 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value, by Type (2020-2031)
3.2.3 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
3.3 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Volume by Type
3.3.1 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Volume by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
3.3.2 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Volume, by Type (2020-2031)
3.3.3 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Volume, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
3.4 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Average Price by Type (2020-2031)
4 Segmentation by Application
4.1 Introduction by Application
4.1.1 Mining
4.1.2 Power Generation
4.1.3 Chemicals
4.1.4 Water Treatment
4.1.5 Others
4.2 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Application
4.2.1 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
4.2.2 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value, by Application (2020-2031)
4.2.3 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
4.3 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Volume by Application
4.3.1 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Volume by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
4.3.2 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Volume, by Application (2020-2031)
4.3.3 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Volume, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
4.4 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Average Price by Application (2020-2031)
5 Segmentation by Region
5.1 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Region
5.1.1 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
5.1.2 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Region (2020-2025)
5.1.3 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Region (2026-2031)
5.1.4 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Region (%), (2020-2031)
5.2 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Volume by Region
5.2.1 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Volume by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
5.2.2 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Volume by Region (2020-2025)
5.2.3 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Volume by Region (2026-2031)
5.2.4 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Volume by Region (%), (2020-2031)
5.3 Global Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Average Price by Region (2020-2031)
5.4 North America
5.4.1 North America Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.4.2 North America Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
5.5 Europe
5.5.1 Europe Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.5.2 Europe Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
5.6 Asia Pacific
5.6.1 Asia Pacific Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.6.2 Asia Pacific Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Region (%), 2024 VS 2031
5.7 South America
5.7.1 South America Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.7.2 South America Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
5.8 Middle East & Africa
5.8.1 Middle East & Africa Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value, 2020-2031
5.8.2 Middle East & Africa Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
6 Segmentation by Key Countries/Regions
6.1 Key Countries/Regions Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value Growth Trends, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
6.2 Key Countries/Regions Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value and Sales Volume
6.2.1 Key Countries/Regions Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.2.2 Key Countries/Regions Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Volume, 2020-2031
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.3.2 United States Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.3.3 United States Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.4 Europe
6.4.1 Europe Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.4.2 Europe Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.4.3 Europe Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.5.2 China Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.5.3 China Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.6 Japan
6.6.1 Japan Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.6.2 Japan Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.6.3 Japan Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.7 South Korea
6.7.1 South Korea Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.7.2 South Korea Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.7.3 South Korea Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.8 Southeast Asia
6.8.1 Southeast Asia Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.8.2 Southeast Asia Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.8.3 Southeast Asia Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
6.9 India
6.9.1 India Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value, 2020-2031
6.9.2 India Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
6.9.3 India Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
7 Company Profiles
7.1 MOGAS Industries
7.1.1 MOGAS Industries Company Information
7.1.2 MOGAS Industries Introduction and Business Overview
7.1.3 MOGAS Industries Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.1.4 MOGAS Industries Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Product Offerings
7.1.5 MOGAS Industries Recent Development
7.2 Velan
7.2.1 Velan Company Information
7.2.2 Velan Introduction and Business Overview
7.2.3 Velan Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.2.4 Velan Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Product Offerings
7.2.5 Velan Recent Development
7.3 Emerson
7.3.1 Emerson Company Information
7.3.2 Emerson Introduction and Business Overview
7.3.3 Emerson Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.3.4 Emerson Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Product Offerings
7.3.5 Emerson Recent Development
7.4 Bray
7.4.1 Bray Company Information
7.4.2 Bray Introduction and Business Overview
7.4.3 Bray Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.4.4 Bray Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Product Offerings
7.4.5 Bray Recent Development
7.5 DEZURIK
7.5.1 DEZURIK Company Information
7.5.2 DEZURIK Introduction and Business Overview
7.5.3 DEZURIK Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.5.4 DEZURIK Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Product Offerings
7.5.5 DEZURIK Recent Development
7.6 AMPO
7.6.1 AMPO Company Information
7.6.2 AMPO Introduction and Business Overview
7.6.3 AMPO Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.6.4 AMPO Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Product Offerings
7.6.5 AMPO Recent Development
7.7 ValvTechnologies
7.7.1 ValvTechnologies Company Information
7.7.2 ValvTechnologies Introduction and Business Overview
7.7.3 ValvTechnologies Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.7.4 ValvTechnologies Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Product Offerings
7.7.5 ValvTechnologies Recent Development
7.8 Valmet
7.8.1 Valmet Company Information
7.8.2 Valmet Introduction and Business Overview
7.8.3 Valmet Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.8.4 Valmet Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Product Offerings
7.8.5 Valmet Recent Development
7.9 KLINGER
7.9.1 KLINGER Company Information
7.9.2 KLINGER Introduction and Business Overview
7.9.3 KLINGER Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.9.4 KLINGER Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Product Offerings
7.9.5 KLINGER Recent Development
7.10 Forum Energy Technologies
7.10.1 Forum Energy Technologies Company Information
7.10.2 Forum Energy Technologies Introduction and Business Overview
7.10.3 Forum Energy Technologies Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.10.4 Forum Energy Technologies Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Product Offerings
7.10.5 Forum Energy Technologies Recent Development
7.11 ORBINOX
7.11.1 ORBINOX Company Information
7.11.2 ORBINOX Introduction and Business Overview
7.11.3 ORBINOX Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.11.4 ORBINOX Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Product Offerings
7.11.5 ORBINOX Recent Development
7.12 Copeland Valve (ValSource International)
7.12.1 Copeland Valve (ValSource International) Company Information
7.12.2 Copeland Valve (ValSource International) Introduction and Business Overview
7.12.3 Copeland Valve (ValSource International) Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.12.4 Copeland Valve (ValSource International) Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Product Offerings
7.12.5 Copeland Valve (ValSource International) Recent Development
7.13 CRANE ChemPharma & Energy
7.13.1 CRANE ChemPharma & Energy Company Information
7.13.2 CRANE ChemPharma & Energy Introduction and Business Overview
7.13.3 CRANE ChemPharma & Energy Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.13.4 CRANE ChemPharma & Energy Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Product Offerings
7.13.5 CRANE ChemPharma & Energy Recent Development
7.14 Lianda Valve
7.14.1 Lianda Valve Company Information
7.14.2 Lianda Valve Introduction and Business Overview
7.14.3 Lianda Valve Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.14.4 Lianda Valve Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Product Offerings
7.14.5 Lianda Valve Recent Development
7.15 Yuanda Valve
7.15.1 Yuanda Valve Company Information
7.15.2 Yuanda Valve Introduction and Business Overview
7.15.3 Yuanda Valve Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.15.4 Yuanda Valve Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Product Offerings
7.15.5 Yuanda Valve Recent Development
7.16 Shanghai Nuwave Valve
7.16.1 Shanghai Nuwave Valve Company Information
7.16.2 Shanghai Nuwave Valve Introduction and Business Overview
7.16.3 Shanghai Nuwave Valve Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.16.4 Shanghai Nuwave Valve Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Product Offerings
7.16.5 Shanghai Nuwave Valve Recent Development
7.17 Guogong Holding Group
7.17.1 Guogong Holding Group Company Information
7.17.2 Guogong Holding Group Introduction and Business Overview
7.17.3 Guogong Holding Group Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
7.17.4 Guogong Holding Group Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Product Offerings
7.17.5 Guogong Holding Group Recent Development
8 Industry Chain Analysis
8.1 Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Industrial Chain
8.2 Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Upstream Analysis
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.2.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Midstream Analysis
8.4 Downstream Analysis (Customers Analysis)
8.5 Sales Model and Sales Channels
8.5.1 Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Sales Model
8.5.2 Sales Channel
8.5.3 Severe-Duty (Slurry) Ball Valves Distributors
9 Research Findings and Conclusion
10 Appendix
10.1 Research Methodology
10.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
10.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
10.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
10.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
10.1.2 Data Source
10.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
10.1.2.2 Primary Sources
10.2 Author Details
10.3 Disclaimer