Summary

The global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober market was valued at US$ 1,348.27 million in 2024 and is anticipated to reach US$ 2,038.71 million by 2031, witnessing a CAGR of 6.16% during the forecast period 2026-2031.
North American market for Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober is estimated to increase from $ 186.74 million in 2024 to reach $ 262.01 million by 2031, at a CAGR of 5.07% during the forecast period of 2024 through 2031.
Asia-Pacific market for Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober is estimated to increase from $ 1,019.02 million in 2024 to reach $ 1,594.13 million by 2031, at a CAGR of 6.67% during the forecast period of 2024 through 2031.
The major global manufacturers of Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober include Tokyo Seimitsu, Tokyo Electron, Semics, Shen Zhen Sidea, MPI, FormFactor, Semishare Electronic, FitTech, MarTek (Electroglas), etc. In 2024, the world's top three vendors accounted for approximately 77.46% of the revenue.

Report Scope
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober.

The Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of output/shipments (Units) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2024 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2020 to 2031. This report segments the global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided.
For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.
The report will help the Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober manufacturers, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information on the revenues, production, and average price for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by Type, by Application, and by regions.

Market Segmentation
By Company
Tokyo Seimitsu
Tokyo Electron
Semics
Shen Zhen Sidea
MPI
FormFactor
Semishare Electronic
FitTech
MarTek (Electroglas)
Hangzhou Changchuan Technology
Wentworth Laboratories
ESDEMC Technology
Tec Semiconductor Equipment (Shenzhen)
SemiProbe
CETC (45th Research Institutes)
ChangChun Guanghua Micro-Electronic Equipment
STAR TECHNOLOGIES
Pegasus Instrument
POMME TECHNOLOGIES
Semipeak
Chengdu Yunyi Zhichuang Technology
Titan Micro Electronics
LINKPHYSICS
Shanghai Junchen Automation Technology

Segment by Type
Ball Screw Linear Translation Stage
Plane Stepper Motor XY-Stage

Segment by Application
IDMs
OSAT
Others

Production by Region
North America
Europe
China
Japan
South Korea
Others

Consumption by Region
North America
U.S.
Canada

Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
China Taiwan
Southeast Asia
India

Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Rest of Europe

Latin America, Middle East & Africa
Mexico
Brazil
Turkey
GCC Countries

Chapter Outline:
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by region, by Type, by Application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober manufacturers competitive landscape, price, production and value market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Production/output, value of Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober by region/country. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next six years.
Chapter 4: Consumption of Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and production of each country in the world.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 6: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product production/output, value, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 10: The main points and conclusions of the report.

ページTOPに戻る

Table of Contents

1 Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Market Overview 1
1.1 Product Definition 1
1.2 Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober by Type 1
1.2.1 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Type: 2024 VS 2031 2
1.2.2 Ball Screw Linear Translation Stage 3
1.2.3 Plane Stepper Motor XY-Stage 4
1.3 Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober by Application 5
1.3.1 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Application: 2024 VS 2031 5
1.3.2 IDMs 7
1.3.3 OSAT 8
1.3.4 Others 8
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects 9
1.4.1 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031) 9
1.4.2 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031) 10
1.4.3 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Market Average Price Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031) 11
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations 12
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers 14
2.1 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025) 14
2.2 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Value Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025) 16
2.3 Global Key Players of Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober, Industry Ranking, 2024 VS 2025 18
2.4 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Type and Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) 19
2.5 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Average Price by Manufacturers (2020-2025) 20
2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters 21
2.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Type 22
2.8 Global Key Manufacturers Established Date of Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Market 23
2.9 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Market Competitive Situation and Trends 24
2.9.1 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Market Concentration Rate 24
2.9.2 Global 5 Largest Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Players Market Share by Revenue 25
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion 25
3 Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production by Region 29
3.1 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 29
3.2 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Value by Region (2020-2031) 31
3.2.1 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Value Market Share by Region (2020-2025) 31
3.2.2 Global Forecasted Production Value of Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober by Region (2026-2031) 32
3.3 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 33
3.4 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production by Region (2020-2031) 34
3.4.1 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Market Share by Region (2020-2025) 34
3.4.2 Global Forecasted Production of Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober by Region (2026-2031) 35
3.5 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Market Price Analysis by Region (2020-2025) 36
3.6 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production and Value, Year-over-Year Growth 37
3.6.1 North America Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031) 37
3.6.2 Europe Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031) 37
3.6.3 China Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031) 38
3.6.4 Japan Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031) 39
3.6.5 South Korea Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031) 40
4 Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Consumption by Region 42
4.1 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 42
4.2 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Consumption by Region (2020-2031) 44
4.2.1 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Consumption by Region (2020-2031) 44
4.2.2 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Forecasted Consumption by Region (2026-2031) 45
4.3 North America 46
4.3.1 North America Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 46
4.3.2 North America Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Consumption by Country (2020-2031) 47
4.3.3 U.S. 48
4.3.4 Canada 49
4.4 Europe 50
4.4.1 Europe Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 50
4.4.2 Europe Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Consumption by Country (2020-2031) 51
4.4.3 Germany 52
4.4.4 France 53
4.4.5 U.K. 53
4.4.6 Italy 54
4.4.7 Russia 55
4.5 Asia Pacific 56
4.5.1 Asia Pacific Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 56
4.5.2 Asia Pacific Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Consumption by Region (2020-2031) 57
4.5.3 China 58
4.5.4 Japan 59
4.5.5 South Korea 59
4.5.6 China Taiwan 60
4.5.7 Southeast Asia 61
4.5.8 India 61
4.6 Latin America 62
4.6.1 Latin America Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 62
4.6.2 Latin America Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Consumption by Country (2020-2031) 63
4.6.3 Brazil 64
4.6.4 Mexico 65
4.6.5 Argentina 65
4.6.6 Colombia 66
4.7 Middle East and Africa 67
4.7.1 Middle East and Africa Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 67
4.7.2 Middle East and Africa Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Consumption by Country (2020-2031) 68
4.7.3 Saudi Arabia 69
4.7.4 UAE 70
4.7.5 Turkey 70
5 Segment by Type 72
5.1 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production by Type (2020-2031) 72
5.1.1 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production by Type (2020-2025) 72
5.1.2 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production by Type (2026-2031) 72
5.1.3 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Market Share by Type (2020-2031) 72
5.2 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Value by Type (2020-2031) 74
5.2.1 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Value by Type (2020-2025) 74
5.2.2 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Value by Type (2026-2031) 74
5.2.3 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2031) 74
5.3 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Price by Type (2020-2031) 76
6 Segment by Application 77
6.1 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production by Application (2020-2031) 77
6.1.1 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production by Application (2020-2025) 77
6.1.2 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production by Application (2026-2031) 77
6.1.3 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Market Share by Application (2020-2031) 78
6.2 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Value by Application (2020-2031) 79
6.2.1 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Value by Application (2020-2025) 79
6.2.2 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Value by Application (2026-2031) 80
6.2.3 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2031) 80
6.3 Global Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Price by Application (2020-2031) 81
7 Key Companies Profiled 83
7.1 Tokyo Seimitsu 83
7.1.1 Tokyo Seimitsu Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 83
7.1.2 Tokyo Seimitsu Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 83
7.1.3 Tokyo Seimitsu Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 86
7.1.4 Tokyo Seimitsu Main Business and Markets Served 86
7.1.5 Tokyo Seimitsu Recent Developments/Updates 87
7.2 Tokyo Electron 88
7.2.1 Tokyo Electron Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 88
7.2.2 Tokyo Electron Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 88
7.2.3 Tokyo Electron Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 93
7.2.4 Tokyo Electron Main Business and Markets Served 93
7.2.5 Tokyo Electron Recent Developments/Updates 94
7.3 Semics 94
7.3.1 Semics Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 95
7.3.2 Semics Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 95
7.3.3 Semics Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 97
7.3.4 Semics Main Business and Markets Served 97
7.4 Shen Zhen Sidea 97
7.4.1 Shen Zhen Sidea Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 98
7.4.2 Shen Zhen Sidea Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 98
7.4.3 Shen Zhen Sidea Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 100
7.4.4 Shen Zhen Sidea Main Business and Markets Served 100
7.5 MPI 101
7.5.1 MPI Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 101
7.5.2 MPI Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 102
7.5.3 MPI Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 103
7.5.4 MPI Main Business and Markets Served 103
7.5.5 MPI Recent Developments/Updates 104
7.6 FormFactor 104
7.6.1 FormFactor Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 105
7.6.2 FormFactor Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 105
7.6.3 FormFactor Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 108
7.6.4 FormFactor Main Business and Markets Served 108
7.6.5 FormFactor Recent Developments/Updates 109
7.7 Semishare Electronic 110
7.7.1 Semishare Electronic Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 110
7.7.2 Semishare Electronic Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 110
7.7.3 Semishare Electronic Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 112
7.7.4 Semishare Electronic Main Business and Markets Served 112
7.7.5 Semishare Electronic Recent Developments/Updates 113
7.8 FitTech 113
7.8.1 FitTech Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 113
7.8.2 FitTech Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 114
7.8.3 FitTech Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 115
7.8.4 FitTech Main Business and Markets Served 115
7.9 MarTek (Electroglas) 116
7.9.1 MarTek (Electroglas) Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 116
7.9.2 MarTek (Electroglas) Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 117
7.9.3 MarTek (Electroglas) Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 119
7.9.4 MarTek (Electroglas) Main Business and Markets Served 119
7.10 Hangzhou Changchuan Technology 119
7.10.1 Hangzhou Changchuan Technology Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 120
7.10.2 Hangzhou Changchuan Technology Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 120
7.10.3 Hangzhou Changchuan Technology Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 121
7.10.4 Hangzhou Changchuan Technology Main Business and Markets Served 121
7.11 Wentworth Laboratories 122
7.11.1 Wentworth Laboratories Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 122
7.11.2 Wentworth Laboratories Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 123
7.11.3 Wentworth Laboratories Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 124
7.11.4 Wentworth Laboratories Main Business and Markets Served 124
7.12 ESDEMC Technology 125
7.12.1 ESDEMC Technology Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 125
7.12.2 ESDEMC Technology Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 125
7.12.3 ESDEMC Technology Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 127
7.12.4 ESDEMC Technology Main Business and Markets Served 127
7.13 Tec Semiconductor Equipment (Shenzhen) 128
7.13.1 Tec Semiconductor Equipment (Shenzhen) Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 128
7.13.2 Tec Semiconductor Equipment (Shenzhen) Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 129
7.13.3 Tec Semiconductor Equipment (Shenzhen) Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 129
7.13.4 Tec Semiconductor Equipment (Shenzhen) Main Business and Markets Served 130
7.14 SemiProbe 131
7.14.1 SemiProbe Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 131
7.14.2 SemiProbe Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 131
7.14.3 SemiProbe Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 133
7.14.4 SemiProbe Main Business and Markets Served 133
7.15 CETC (45th Research Institutes) 134
7.15.1 CETC (45th Research Institutes) Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 134
7.15.2 CETC (45th Research Institutes) Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 135
7.15.3 CETC (45th Research Institutes) Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 137
7.15.4 CETC (45th Research Institutes) Main Business and Markets Served 137
7.16 ChangChun Guanghua Micro-Electronic Equipment 138
7.16.1 ChangChun Guanghua Micro-Electronic Equipment Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 138
7.16.2 ChangChun Guanghua Micro-Electronic Equipment Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 139
7.16.3 ChangChun Guanghua Micro-Electronic Equipment Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 139
7.16.4 ChangChun Guanghua Micro-Electronic Equipment Main Business and Markets Served 140
7.17 STAR TECHNOLOGIES 141
7.17.1 STAR TECHNOLOGIES Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 141
7.17.2 STAR TECHNOLOGIES Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 141
7.17.3 STAR TECHNOLOGIES Main Business and Markets Served 142
7.17.4 STAR TECHNOLOGIES Recent Developments/Updates 142
7.18 Pegasus Instrument 143
7.18.1 Pegasus Instrument Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 143
7.18.2 Pegasus Instrument Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 143
7.18.3 Pegasus Instrument Main Business and Markets Served 145
7.19 POMME TECHNOLOGIES 146
7.19.1 POMME TECHNOLOGIES Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 146
7.19.2 POMME TECHNOLOGIES Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 147
7.19.3 POMME TECHNOLOGIES Main Business and Markets Served 147
7.20 Semipeak 148
7.20.1 Semipeak Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 148
7.20.2 Semipeak Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 149
7.20.3 Semipeak Main Business and Markets Served 149
7.21 Chengdu Yunyi Zhichuang Technology 150
7.21.1 Chengdu Yunyi Zhichuang Technology Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 150
7.21.2 Chengdu Yunyi Zhichuang Technology Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 151
7.21.3 Chengdu Yunyi Zhichuang Technology Main Business and Markets Served 151
7.22 Titan Micro Electronics 152
7.22.1 Titan Micro Electronics Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 152
7.22.2 Titan Micro Electronics Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 153
7.22.3 Titan Micro Electronics Main Business and Markets Served 154
7.23 LINKPHYSICS 154
7.23.1 LINKPHYSICS Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 154
7.23.2 LINKPHYSICS Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 155
7.23.3 LINKPHYSICS Main Business and Markets Served 158
7.24 Shanghai Junchen Automation Technology 158
7.24.1 Shanghai Junchen Automation Technology Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Company Information 159
7.24.2 Shanghai Junchen Automation Technology Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Product Portfolio 159
7.24.3 Shanghai Junchen Automation Technology Main Business and Markets Served 160
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis 161
8.1 Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Industry Chain Analysis 161
8.2 Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Raw Material Supply Analysis 161
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials 161
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers 162
8.3 Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Production Mode & Process Analysis 163
8.4 Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Sales and Marketing 164
8.4.1 Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Sales Channels 164
8.4.2 Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Distributors 164
8.5 Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Customer Analysis 165
9 Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Market Dynamics 166
9.1 Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Industry Trends 166
9.2 Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Market Drivers 167
9.3 Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Market Challenges 168
9.4 Fully Automatic Wafer Test Prober Market Restraints 168
10 Research Findings and Conclusion 169
11 Methodology and Data Source 170
11.1 Methodology/Research Approach 170
11.1.1 Research Programs/Design 170
11.1.2 Market Size Estimation 171
11.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation 172
11.2 Data Source 173
11.2.1 Secondary Sources 173
11.2.2 Primary Sources 174
11.3 Author List 175
11.4 Disclaimer 176