 2026年の世界の熱エネルギー貯蔵（TES）市場The Global Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Market 2026 熱エネルギー貯蔵（TES）は、エネルギー転換において最も重要な技術の一つとして台頭しており、集中型太陽熱発電のニッチな補助技術から、観測筋が「クリーンエネルギーの次の1兆ドル規模の貯蔵ビジネス」... もっと見る
サマリー 熱エネルギー貯蔵（TES）は、エネルギー転換において最も重要な技術の一つとして台頭しており、集中型太陽熱発電のニッチな補助技術から、観測筋が「クリーンエネルギーの次の1兆ドル規模の貯蔵ビジネス」の一部であるとますます指摘する、広範な産業へと急速に発展している。 その中核となる提案は単純かつ堅実である。すなわち、熱や冷気を貯蔵するコストは電気を貯蔵するコストよりもはるかに安く、世界の最終エネルギー需要の約半分は熱によるものである。 TES システムは、余剰または低コストの再生可能電力を熱として（通常は、炭素、レンガ、セラミック、岩石などの固体媒体、あるいは溶融塩や相変化材料に）蓄え、数時間から数日間、高温で保持し、必要に応じて工業用蒸気、熱風、あるいは電力変換システムを介して電力として放出します。 これにより、TESは、安価ではあるが供給が不安定な再生可能エネルギーと、熱や電力が実際に必要とされるタイミングとの連動を解消する。 世界のTES市場の成長は、4つの相互に補完し合う柱に支えられています。それは、電力および削減が困難な熱部門の脱炭素化、変動性再生可能エネルギーの拡大に伴う電力系統の柔軟性の確保、化石燃料の代替によるエネルギー安全保障の向上、そして2025年から2026年にかけて導入されるプロジェクト規模の飛躍的な拡大です。 工業用プロセス熱は最も急成長している用途であり、2030年代初頭には発電を抜いて最大の単一の最終用途となる見込みです。一方、売上高ではヨーロッパが市場をリードし、アジア太平洋地域は、堅調な製造業と政策に支えられて最も急速に成長しています。 現在の時期における決定的な進展は、初の大規模な商用レベルの産業用「熱電池」の登場である。 ギガワット時規模に達するプロジェクト（あらゆる種類の蓄電設備の中でも最大級）が、現在、工業用地で資金調達され建設が進められており、多くの場合、長期の引取契約に基づきホスト施設に熱を供給しており、場合によっては着工から約1年で稼働を開始している。 これは、業界がパイロット事業や実証実験の段階から、資金調達が可能な公益事業規模および産業規模の資産へと移行したことを示しており、戦略的投資家やプロジェクトファイナンサーの間で、この技術の商業的成熟度に対する信頼が高まっていることを反映している。 同時に、イノベーションによって技術の最前線も押し広げられている。開発各社は、蓄熱媒体（炭素、レンガ、セラミック、塩、金属）や動作温度を巡って競争を繰り広げており、一部のシステムでは、出力密度を高め、システムの設置面積を縮小し、システム外費用を削減するために、1,500 °Cを大幅に上回る温度を目標としている。 これと並行して、ビジネスモデルも進化している。「Heat-as-a-Service（熱のサービス提供）」契約では、開発者が資産を所有・運営し、供給された熱を販売するため、これまで産業用顧客を躊躇させてきた巨額の初期投資という障壁が取り除かれる。 需要は、従来の発電やプロセス熱用途を超えてますます広がりつつある。迅速な建設と柔軟な容量を求めるデータセンターが、地域熱供給、建築物、コールドチェーンと並んで、注目すべき新たな推進力として台頭している。 ベンチャーキャピタル、企業の戦略的投資、および政府プログラムによって技術的・資金的なリスクが解消されつつある中、熱エネルギー貯蔵は、世界初のプラントから、熱の脱炭素化と将来の電力システムの柔軟性の核心となる、再現性のあるギガワット時規模の展開へと拡大する態勢が整っています。 本レポートの内容は以下の通りです：
Summary
Thermal energy storage (TES) has emerged as one of the most consequential technologies in the energy transition, moving rapidly from a niche adjunct of concentrated solar power into a broad-based industry that observers increasingly describe as part of clean energy's next trillion-dollar storage business. The core proposition is simple and durable: heat and cold are far cheaper to store than electricity, and roughly half of global final energy demand is for heat. TES systems capture surplus or low-cost renewable electricity as heat — typically in solid media such as carbon, brick, ceramic and rock, or in molten salts and phase change materials — hold it at high temperature for hours or even days, and release it on demand as industrial steam, hot air or, through a power-conversion system, electricity. In doing so, TES decouples cheap but intermittent renewable supply from the time at which heat or power is actually required.
Growth in the global TES market rests on four reinforcing pillars: decarbonizing power and the hard-to-abate heat sector, providing grid flexibility as variable renewables scale, improving energy security by displacing fossil fuels, and a step-change in deployed project scale during 2025–2026. Industrial process heat is the fastest-growing application, overtaking power generation as the single largest end-use during the early 2030s, while Europe leads the market by revenue and Asia-Pacific grows fastest, supported by strong manufacturing and policy.
The defining development of the current period is the arrival of the first large, commercial-scale industrial "thermal batteries." Projects reaching gigawatt-hour scale — among the largest storage installations of any kind — are now being financed and built at industrial sites, frequently delivering heat to a host facility under long-term offtake agreements and, in some cases, commissioning in around a year from groundbreaking. This marks the industry's transition from pilots and demonstrations to bankable, utility- and industrial-scale assets, and it reflects growing confidence among strategic investors and project financiers in the technology's commercial maturity.
Innovation is simultaneously pushing the technology frontier. Developers are competing on storage medium — carbon, brick, ceramic, salt and metal — and on operating temperature, with some systems now targeting temperatures well above 1,500 °C to raise power density, shrink the system footprint and cut balance-of-system costs. Commercial models are evolving in parallel: Heat-as-a-Service contracts, under which a developer owns and operates the asset and sells delivered heat, remove the large up-front capital barrier that has historically deterred industrial customers.
Demand is increasingly broadening beyond traditional power and process-heat uses. Data centres seeking fast-to-build flexible capacity are emerging as a notable new driver, alongside district energy, buildings and cold chain. With venture capital, strategic corporate investment and government programmes retiring technology and financing risk, thermal energy storage is positioned to scale from first-of-a-kind plants toward repeatable, gigawatt-hour-scale deployments central to the decarbonization of heat and the flexibility of future power systems.
Report contents include:
Table of Contents
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 15
1.1 Current market size and growth potential 15
1.2 Major market drivers and barriers 17
1.3 Emerging trends and opportunities 18
1.4 Key technology conclusions 19
1.4.1 TES technologies and their applications 19
1.4.2 Technology readiness and commercialization status 19
1.4.3 Future technology development and innovation roadmap 20
1.5 Thermal energy storage value chain and key players 21
1.6 Thermal energy storage market size and growth projections 21
1.6.1 Global market size and forecast 21
1.6.2 Market segmentation by technology, application, and region 21
1.6.3 Regional initiatives 23
2 INTRODUCTION 25
2.1 Overview of thermal energy storage technologies 26
2.1.1 Historical development and milestones 26
2.1.2 Comparison with other energy storage technologies 26
2.1.3 Benefits and challenges of TES deployment 28
2.2 Working principles of thermal energy storage systems 28
2.2.1 Charging and discharging processes 29
2.2.2 Heat transfer and storage mechanisms 29
2.2.3 System components and configurations 29
2.3 Thermal energy storage classification and applications 30
2.3.1 Sensible 30
2.3.2 Latent 30
2.3.3 Thermochemical storage 30
2.3.4 Mechanical-thermal 30
2.3.5 Low, medium, and high-temperature applications 30
2.3.6 Centralized and distributed storage systems 31
3 MARKET DRIVERS AND OPPORTUNITIES 32
3.1 Decarbonization of power and industrial sectors 32
3.1.1 Renewable energy integration and intermittency management 32
3.1.2 Emissions reduction targets and carbon pricing 32
3.1.3 Energy efficiency and process optimization 33
3.2 Grid flexibility and long-duration energy storage 34
3.3 Energy security and fossil-fuel displacement 34
3.4 Integration of renewable energy sources 34
3.4.1 Solar thermal and concentrated solar power 35
3.4.2 Wind energy and power-to-heat solutions 35
3.4.3 Geothermal energy and waste heat recovery 35
3.5 Energy efficiency and cost savings 35
3.5.1 Peak shaving and load shifting 35
3.5.2 Demand response and energy arbitrage 36
3.5.3 Reduced fuel consumption and operating costs 36
3.6 Grid stability and resilience 37
3.6.1 Frequency regulation and ancillary services 37
3.6.2 Transmission and distribution infrastructure deferral 37
3.6.3 Microgrid and off-grid applications 37
3.7 Policy support and emissions trading schemes 37
3.7.1 Renewable energy mandates and incentives 37
3.7.2 Carbon markets and emissions trading schemes 38
3.7.3 Building codes and energy efficiency standards 38
3.8 Regional initiatives and funding programs 38
3.9 Emerging opportunities 39
4 THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONS 40
4.1 Concentrated solar power (CSP) 40
4.1.1 TES installations with concentrated solar power 40
4.1.1.1 TES deployments with CSP projects, 2008–2023 41
4.1.1.2 Capacity of TES (MWh) with installed CSP plants by region 41
4.1.1.3 Capacity of TES (MWh) with planned CSP plants by country and project 41
4.1.2 Parabolic trough and power tower systems 41
4.1.3 Molten salt and other storage media 42
4.1.4 Hybridization with fossil fuel and biomass 42
4.1.5 SWOT analysis 43
4.2 Industrial process heat 44
4.2.1 Thermal energy storage value chain 45
4.2.2 Key suppliers and manufacturers for TES media and materials 46
4.2.3 Heat as a Product and Heat as a Service 47
4.2.4 Thermal energy storage players 47
4.2.5 Global distribution of TES system installations (excluding CSP) 49
4.2.6 Existing and planned TES projects by industry / sector end-user 50
4.2.7 TES projects by commercial readiness timeline 51
4.2.8 TES technologies by commercial readiness level (CRL) 51
4.2.9 Cumulative capacity of TES systems by region 52
4.2.10 Cumulative capacity of TES systems by player 53
4.2.11 Overview of industrial heat demand by temperature and operation 54
4.2.11.1 Low-temperature processes (<100°C) 55
4.2.11.2 Medium-temperature processes (100-400°C) 55
4.2.11.3 High-temperature processes (>400°C) 56
4.2.12 TES applications for specific industrial processes 57
4.2.12.1 Food and beverage processing 57
4.2.12.2 Pulp and paper manufacturing 57
4.2.12.3 Chemical and petrochemical industries 57
4.2.12.4 Metallurgy and mining 58
4.2.12.5 Cement and ceramic production 58
4.2.13 SWOT analysis 58
4.3 District heating and cooling 59
4.3.1 Combined heat and power (CHP) systems 60
4.3.2 Waste heat recovery and utilization 60
4.3.3 Seasonal storage and load balancing 60
4.3.4 SWOT analysis 61
4.4 Residential and commercial buildings 62
4.4.1 Space heating and cooling 62
4.4.2 Water heating and thermal comfort 62
4.4.3 Integration with solar thermal and heat pump systems 63
4.4.4 SWOT analysis 64
4.5 Long-duration energy storage 65
4.5.1 Electro-thermal energy storage systems 65
4.5.2 TES as a technology to support adiabatic CAES and LAES systems 66
4.5.2.1 Adiabatic LAES system with thermal energy storage 66
4.5.3 Long-duration energy storage installation forecasts 66
4.5.3.1 Annual installations forecast by region (GWh) 66
4.5.3.2 Annual installations forecast by technology and segment (GWh) 67
4.5.3.3 Installations forecast by application and value 68
4.5.4 SWOT analysis 69
4.6 Chemical looping and hydrogen production 70
4.6.1 Chemical looping combustion (CLC) and reforming (CLR) 70
4.6.2 Hydrogen production and storage 71
4.6.3 Integration with carbon capture and utilization (CCU) 71
4.6.4 Chemical looping combustion (CLC) 71
4.6.5 Chemical looping hydrogen (CLH) generation 72
4.6.6 Sorption-enhanced steam methane reforming (SE-SMR) 72
4.7 Cold chain and refrigeration 72
4.7.1 Food and pharmaceutical storage and transport 73
4.7.2 Industrial refrigeration and process cooling 73
4.7.3 Air conditioning and space cooling 74
4.7.4 SWOT analysis 74
5 TECHNOLOGIES AND MATERIALS 75
5.1 Overview 76
5.1.1 TES commercial readiness and technology benchmarking for industrial applications 76
5.1.2 Thermal energy storage working principles 77
5.1.3 TES system considerations 77
5.1.4 TES system designs to provide heat at constant working parameters 78
5.1.5 Thermal energy storage applications 78
5.1.6 Types of thermal storage systems — latent and sensible heat 79
5.1.7 Molten salt versus concrete as a thermal storage medium 79
5.2 Sensible heat storage 80
5.2.1 Molten salts 80
5.2.1.1 Nitrate salts and eutectics 83
5.2.1.2 Chloride and carbonate salts 83
5.2.1.3 Salt selection criteria and properties 83
5.2.2 Concrete and solid materials 84
5.2.2.1 High-temperature concrete and ceramics 84
5.2.2.2 Natural and recycled materials (rock, sand, bricks) 85
5.2.2.3 Compatibility with heat transfer fluids 86
5.3 Latent heat storage (Phase Change Materials) 87
5.3.1 Organic PCMs (paraffins, fatty acids) 89
5.3.1.1 Paraffin wax 89
5.3.1.2 Non-Paraffins (fatty acids, esters, alcohols) 91
5.3.1.3 Bio-based phase change materials 93
5.3.2 Inorganic PCMs (salt hydrates, metallics) 94
5.3.2.1 Salt hydrates 94
5.3.2.2 Metal and metal alloy PCMs (High-temperature) 96
5.3.3 Encapsulation and heat exchanger design 97
5.3.3.1 Benefits 98
5.3.3.2 Encapsulation selection considerations 98
5.3.3.3 Macroencapsulation 98
5.3.3.4 Micro/nanoencapsulation 99
5.3.3.5 Shape Stabilized PCMs 99
5.3.3.6 Commercial Encapsulation Technologies 100
5.3.4 Eutectic PCMs 100
5.3.4.1 Eutectic Mixtures 101
5.3.4.2 Examples of Eutectic Inorganic PCMs 101
5.3.4.3 Benefits 101
5.3.4.4 Applications 101
5.3.4.5 Advantages and disadvantages of eutectics 101
5.3.4.6 Recent developments 102
5.4 Thermochemical energy storage 102
5.4.1 Thermochemical energy storage classification 103
5.4.2 Thermochemical adsorption and absorption (sorption storage) 104
5.4.2.1 Closed salt–water hydration (sorption) process 104
5.4.2.2 Open salt–water hydration (sorption) process 104
5.4.3 Thermochemical reaction energy storage (without sorption) 105
5.4.4 Materials for thermochemical storage 105
5.4.4.1 Materials overview 105
5.4.4.2 Salt hydration 105
5.4.4.3 Metal halides and sulfates with ammonia 106
5.4.4.4 Metal oxide hydration 106
5.4.4.5 Metal oxide carbonation and redox reactions 106
5.4.4.6 Materials outlook and map 107
5.4.5 Prototypes of thermochemical energy storage systems 107
5.4.6 Complexities of reactor and system design 108
5.4.7 Thermochemical energy storage advantages and disadvantages 108
5.5 Electro-thermal energy storage 109
5.5.1 Joule heating and resistive heating 109
5.5.2 Induction heating and electromagnetic systems 110
5.5.3 Heat pumps and refrigeration cycles 110
5.6 Comparison of TES technologies: advantages and disadvantages 111
5.6.1 Energy density and storage capacity 111
5.6.2 Efficiency and round-trip 112
5.6.3 Cost and economic viability 112
5.6.4 Operational flexibility and response time 112
5.6.5 Environmental impact and safety considerations 113
5.7 Technology readiness levels and commercial maturity 114
5.7.1 Research and development (TRL 1-3) 114
5.7.2 Prototype and pilot-scale demonstration (TRL 4-6) 115
5.7.3 Commercial-scale deployment (TRL 7-9) 115
6 MARKET ANALYSIS 116
6.1 Market Size 116
6.1.1 By technology type 116
6.1.2 By application and end-use sector 117
6.1.3 By region 118
6.1.4 Annual installations by region (GWh) 119
6.1.5 Annual installations by technology (GWh) 120
6.1.6 Annual installations by market segment (GWh) 120
6.2 Price and Cost Analysis 122
6.3 Value Chain 122
6.3.1 Raw material suppliers and logistics 123
6.3.2 Component manufacturers and system integrators 123
6.3.3 Project developers and engineering firms 123
6.3.4 End-users and asset owners 124
6.3.5 Operation and maintenance service providers 124
6.4 Project case studies and deployment examples 124
6.4.1 Utility-scale TES projects 125
6.4.2 Industrial TES applications 125
6.4.3 District heating and cooling networks 125
6.4.4 Residential and commercial building projects 125
7 THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE PROJECTS AND INSTALLATIONS 127
7.1 Cumulative capacity of TES systems by region 127
7.2 Global overview of TES projects and installations 127
7.2.1 Number and capacity of operational projects 128
7.2.2 Planned and under-construction projects 128
7.3 Regional breakdown of TES projects 131
7.3.1 North America 131
7.3.2 Europe 131
7.3.3 Asia-Pacific 132
7.3.4 Rest of the World 132
7.4 TES projects by application and industry 132
7.4.1 Power generation and utilities 132
7.4.2 Industrial manufacturing and process heat 133
7.4.3 District heating and cooling 133
7.4.4 Buildings and construction 134
7.4.5 Transportation and mobility 134
8 COMPANY PROFILES 136 (69 company profiles)
9 APPENDIX 215
9.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 215
9.1.1 A note on market definitions 215
9.2 REPORT SCOPE 216
9.2.1 Technologies and materials in scope 216
9.2.2 Applications and end-use sectors in scope 216
9.2.3 Geographic and time scope 216
10 REFERENCES 217
List of Tables/Graphs
List of Tables
Table 1. Market drivers and barriers in thermal energy storage. 17
Table 2. Emerging trends and opportunities in thermal energy storage. 18
Table 3. TES technologies and applications. 19
Table 4. Thermal energy storage revenues, by technology (Billions USD) 2020-2035. 22
Table 5. TES revenues by application and end-use (USD billions). 23
Table 6. TES revenues by region (USD billions). 24
Table 7. Regional initiatives in Thermal energy storage. 24
Table 8. Historical development and milestones of TES technologies. 26
Table 9. Comparison of TES with other energy storage technologies. 27
Table 10. Benefits and challenges of TES deployment. 28
Table 11. TES applications by temperature band. 31
Table 12. TES summary for decarbonizing industrial heating processes 33
Table 13. Regional initiatives and funding programs in thermal energy storage. 38
Table 14.Emerging opportunities in thermal energy storage. 39
Table 15. Concentrated solar power and thermal energy storage plants. 40
Table 16. Approximate installed CSP thermal-storage energy capacity by region 41
Table 17. Representative planned CSP-with-storage projects. 41
Table 18. TES applications for decarbonizing industrial process heating. 44
Table 19. TES for industrial and non-CSP applications. 44
Table 20. Industrial TES value chain — stages, activities and value distribution. 45
Table 21. Strategic partnership types in industrial TES. 46
Table 22. TES storage media and materials — suppliers and characteristics. 46
Table 23. TES commercial models — equipment sale versus Heat-as-a-Service. 47
Table 24. Principal industrial TES players overview. 47
Table 25. Existing and planned non-CSP TES projects by industry / sector. 50
Table 26. TES project commercial-readiness timeline. 51
Table 27. Indicative cumulative deployed and committed TES capacity by player. 53
Table 28. Industrial heat demand by operation and temperature, with TES addressability. 54
Table 29. Low-temperature (<100 °C) industrial processes and TES solutions. 55
Table 30. Medium-temperature (100–400 °C) industrial processes and TES solutions. 56
Table 31. High-temperature (>400 °C) industrial processes and TES solutions. 56
Table 32. Thermal storage roles in district heating and cooling. 59
Table 33. Seasonal thermal storage technologies for district energy. 61
Table 34. Thermal storage options in residential and commercial buildings. 62
Table 35. TES integration with solar thermal and heat pumps in buildings. 63
Table 36. Thermal long-duration energy storage approaches. 65
Table 37. Indicative annual TES installations by application (GWh) and annual market value (US$B), selected years. 68
Table 38. Chemical looping configurations and their functions. 71
Table 39. Outlook for chemical-looping routes in TES and hydrogen. 72
Table 40. Cold-storage technologies for cold chain and refrigeration. 73
Table 41. Cooling storage approaches by application scale. 74
Table 42. Thermal energy storage technologies summary. 76
Table 43. TES technology benchmarking for industrial applications. 76
Table 44. Key TES system-design considerations. 77
Table 45. TES design approaches for constant-parameter heat delivery. 78
Table 46. Sensible versus latent heat storage. 79
Table 47. Molten salt versus concrete as a thermal storage medium. 79
Table 48. Operating temperatures and time ranges for TES technologies. 80
Table 49. Molten-salt selection criteria and comparative properties. 83
Table 50. Concrete and solid materials in TES. 84
Table 51. High-temperature concrete and ceramic storage media. 84
Table 52. Natural and recycled solid storage materials. 85
Table 53. Heat-transfer-fluid compatibility with solid storage media. 86
Table 54. Phase change material families and characteristics. 88
Table 55. Advantages and disadvantages of parafiin wax PCMs. 89
Table 56. Advantages and disadvantages of non-paraffins. 92
Table 57. Advantages and disadvantages of Bio-based phase change materials. 93
Table 58. Advantages and disadvantages of salt hydrates 95
Table 59. Representative commercial salt-hydrate PCM products. 96
Table 60. Advantages and disadvantages of low melting point metals. 97
Table 61. PCM encapsulation scales. 98
Table 62. PCM encapsulation selection considerations. 98
Table 63. Microencapsulation process and characteristics. 99
Table 64. Shape-stabilized PCM characteristics. 100
Table 65. Comparison of PCM encapsulation methods. 100
Table 66. Representative eutectic PCMs. 101
Table 67. Advantages and disadvantages of eutectics. 102
Table 68. Recent development directions in eutectic PCMs. 102
Table 69. Classification of thermochemical energy storage. 104
Table 70. Closed versus open sorption storage systems. 105
Table 71. Thermochemical storage materials by class. 107
Table 72. Thermochemical materials outlook by temperature band. 107
Table 73. Representative thermochemical storage prototypes. 108
Table 74. Advantages and disadvantages of thermochemical energy storage. 109
Table 75. Electro-thermal charging methods compared. 110
Table 76. Comparative properties of TES technologies. 111
Table 77. Environmental and safety considerations by TES family. 113
Table 78. Thermal energy storage revenues, by technology (US$ billions), 2020–2036. 116
Table 79. Thermal energy storage revenues, by application and end-use sector (US$ billions), 2020–2036. 117
Table 80. Thermal energy storage revenues, by region (US$ billions), 2020–2036. 118
Table 81. Thermal energy storage annual installations, by region (GWh), 2020–2036. 119
Table 82. Thermal energy storage annual installations, by technology (GWh), 2020–2036. 120
Table 83. Thermal energy storage annual installations, by market segment (GWh), 2020–2036. 121
Table 84. TES price and cost analysis. 122
Table 85. Thermal energy storage value chain. 123
Table 86. Representative TES deployment examples by application class. 124
Table 87. Existing and planned TES projects by industry / sector end-user. 127
Table 88. Cumulative installed TES capacity by region (GWh), 2020–2036. 127
Table 89. Operational TES projects 128
Table 90. Planned and under-construction TES projects. 128
Table 91. TES projects in power generation and utilities. 133
Table 92. TES projects in industrial manufacturing and process heat. 133
Table 93. TES projects in district heating and cooling. 134
Table 94. TES projects in buildings and construction. 134
Table 95. TES applications in transportation and mobility. 135
Table 96. Technology readiness level by company 136
List of Figures
Figure 1. Global thermal energy storage market, 2020–2036 (USD billions). 16
Figure 2. Components of the energy-transition strategy and the role of thermal energy storage. 17
Figure 3. TES technologies by readiness and commercialization status (Technology Readiness Level). 20
Figure 4. Thermal energy storage innovation and deployment roadmap to 2036. 20
Figure 5. Thermal energy storage value chain. 21
Figure 6. Thermal energy storage revenues by technology, 2020–2036 (USD billions). 22
Figure 7. Thermal energy storage revenues by application and end-use, 2020–2036 (USD billions). 23
Figure 8. Thermal energy storage revenues, by region (Billions USD) 2020-2035. 24
Figure 9. Positioning of storage technologies by typical discharge duration and system power (illustrative). 27
Figure 10. Thermal energy storage working principle: charge, store and discharge. 29
Figure 11. Industrial process-heat demand by temperature band and TES addressability 33
Figure 12. Energy-capacity cost by storage technology (USD per kWh). 36
Figure 13. SWOT analysis: TES concentrated solar power. 43
Figure 14. Distribution of leading TES player headquarters by region. 48
Figure 15. Approximate distribution of non-CSP TES installations by region. 49
Figure 16. Approximate distribution of non-CSP TES installations by region. 50
Figure 17 . TES technologies by Commercial Readiness Level (CRL). 52
Figure 18. Cumulative non-CSP TES installed capacity by region, 2020–2036 (GWh, illustrative). 53
Figure 19. Industrial heat demand intensity by unit operation and temperature band. 54
Figure 20. SWOT analysis: TES for industrial process heat. 59
Figure 21. SWOT analysis: district heating and cooling. 61
Figure 22. SWOT analysis: TES for residential and commercial buildings. 64
Figure 23. Thermal energy storage annual installations by region, 2020–2036 (GWh). 67
Figure 24. Thermal energy storage annual installations by technology, 2020–2036 (GWh). 68
Figure 25. SWOT analysis: thermal long-duration energy storage. 69
Figure 26. CaL process scheme. 70
Figure 27. SWOT analysis: TES for cold chain and refrigeration. 75
Figure 28. Direct molten-salt storage system. 81
Figure 29. Indirect molten-salt storage system. 82
Figure 30. Molten-salt TES capacity installed globally (GWh). 82
Figure 31. Schematic of PCM in storage tank linked to solar collector. 87
Figure 32. UniQ line of thermal batteries. 88
Figure 33. Thermochemical storage methods and materials. 103
Figure 34. TES technologies by commercial readiness levels (CRL). 114
Figure 35. Thermal energy storage revenues, by technology (US$ billions), 2020–2036. 117
Figure 36. Thermal energy storage revenues, by application and end-use sector (US$ billions), 2020–2036. 118
Figure 37. Thermal energy storage revenues, by region (US$ billions), 2020–2036. 119
Figure 38. Thermal energy storage annual installations, by technology (GWh), 2020–2036. 120
Figure 39. Thermal energy storage annual installations, by market segment (GWh), 2020–2036. 121
Figure 40. Planned/under-construction TES pipeline by company segment (GWh). 130
Figure 41. Thermal energy storage installations, by region (GWh) 2020-2036. 130
Figure 42. Thermal energy storage installations, by technology (GWh) 2020-2036. 131
Figure 43. 1414’s thermal energy storage system (TESS) 140
Figure 44. Caldera battery system. 157
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