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この調査レポートは、軍事用途に使用される太陽光発電、風力、バイオマス、地熱、水力エネルギー、バイオ燃料、合成燃料、燃料電池、マイクログリッド、スマートメータ、エネルギー高効率化などの、再生可能エネルギーとそれに関連するクリーン技術について広範な調査を行い、2030年までの詳細な市場予測を行っています。

Increased access to clean and reliable energy has become a leading priority for the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) and the military arena in general, both as a means of reducing dependence on foreign oil as well as for purposes of increasing the efficiency and performance of all aspects of operations across multiple domains including base and facility operations, transport, and portable soldier power. The various composite branches of the DOD, as an organization, combine to form the single largest consumer of energy in the world ? more than any other public or private entity and greater than more than 100 other nations. Energy consumption is the lifeblood of the U.S. military - and the supporting governmental infrastructure that facilitates and controls it.

Military investment in renewable energy and related technologies, in many cases, holds the potential to bridge the “valley of death” that lies between research & development and full commercialization of these technologies. As such, the myriad of DOD initiatives focused on fostering cleantech is anticipated to have a substantial impact on the development and growth of the industry as a whole. With projects ranging from the utilization of solar and wind power for electricity generation, to the adoption of fuel cells for portable power, to the deployment of microgrids for forward base operations and the use of alternative fuels for land, air, and sea transport, all branches of the U.S. military ? and many other military and defense entities around the world ? are major players in the global cleantech industry.

This Pike Research report provides a comprehensive examination of military applications for renewable energy and related clean technologies including solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, hydrokinetic energy, biofuels and synfuels, fuel cells, microgrids, smart meters, and energy efficiency, among others. The study analyzes the economics and performance characteristics of emerging energy technologies across a host of application areas within the facilities, transport, and portable power domains. It includes detailed profiles of key industry players and provides detailed market forecasts through 2030.

Key Questions Addressed:

• What is the National Security Mandate to incorporate renewable energy technologies into the mainstream of military and DOD activities?
• What are the key DOD energy consumption and renewable energy initiatives for facilities and infrastructure?
• How much fuel does the DOD fuel consume and what are the leading alternative fuel initiatives?
• What are the key renewable energy initiatives to support soldier power and forward operating bases?
• What is the current status and direction of advancement of renewable energy technology for the DOD?
• What are the expected near term and long term trends for DOD development and incorporation of renewable energy and related clean energy technologies?

Who needs this report?

• Defense contractors
• Private industry renewable energy sectors
• Government agencies
• Utility and energy industries
• Renewable energy project developers
• Renewable energy manufacturers, suppliers, installers, and vendors
• Investor community and financial institutions
• Technology researchers

Table of Contents

詳細資料は、お問い合わせフォームから請求してください。

1. Executive Summary

1.1 Energy and National Security
1.2 Current Major Renewable Energy Initiatives
1.3 DOD Total Spending and Energy Consumption
1.4 U.S. and DOD Energy Consumption Patterns and Projections for Renewable Energy
1.5 DOD Energy Consumption Patterns
1.6 Renewable Energy Technologies for Facilities and Infrastructure
1.6.1 Energy Efficiency for DOD Facilities
1.6.2 Direct Investments in RE Initiatives
1.6.3 Net-Zero Plus Initiative
1.6.4 Enhanced Use Lease (EUL) and Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs)
1.7 Tactical Energy Consumption and Renewable Energy for Mobility
1.8 Renewable Energy Technologies in Forward Operating Bases and Tactical Operations
1.9 Market Forecast for DOD Spending on Procurement and Production of Renewable Energy

2. Background: Directives and Policy 

2.1 Energy and National Security
2.2 Energy ? The New Declaration of Independence
2.3 Energy Security and the Military: The DOD Energy Security Task Force
2.3.1 DOD Energy Security Goals
2.3.2 Focus on New Technologies
2.4 U.S. Energy Independence and National Security Energy Mandates: Major Legislation
2.4.1 Energy Policy Act 2005 (EPAct 2005) (Public Law 109-588, August 2005)
2.4.2 Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) (Public Law 110-140-19, December 2007)
2.4.3 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) 2009 (Public Law 110-417-14, October 2008)
2.4.4 National Defense Authorization Act 2010 (Public Law 111-84-28, October 2009)
2.4.5 The ACES Act and Kerry-Lieberman American Power Act (2010)
2.4.6 Military Energy Security Act (DoDESA 2010) (H.R. 5230)
2.4.7 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) (2009)
2.4.7.1 Key ARRA Renewable Energy-Related Appropriations
2.4.7.2 Key DOD ARRA 2009 Programs with Renewable Energy Implications
2.5 U.S. Energy Independence and National Security Energy Mandates: Executive Orders
2.5.1 Executive Order 13423 of January 24, 2007 Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Transportation Management
2.5.2 Executive Order 13514 of October 5, 2009 ? Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance
2.6 U.S. Energy Targets
2.6.1 U.S. Renewable Fuel Targets
2.6.2 U.S. State-Level Energy Goals and Standards
2.7 Implications of Climate Change on the Military and National Security
2.7.1 Effects of Climate Change on Foreign Policy
2.7.2 Effects of Climate Change on DOD and Military Operations
2.7.3 The Mandate for Climate Change Solutions and Reduction of GHG in the Name of National Security and Economic Stability
2.8 Fossil Fuel Limitations: Energy and Defense Implications
2.9 International Directives/Policy Initiatives on Climate Change/Greenhouse Gases/UNFCCC
2.9.1 UNFCCC: Rio 1992/Kyoto 1996/Copenhagen 2009

3. Department of Defense Background 

3.1 History
3.2 Organization/Structure/Departments within the DOD
3.2.1 Command Structure of the U.S. Military
3.3 Facilities and Installations
3.3.1 Military Bases
3.3.1.1 Global Distribution of U.S. Military Bases
3.3.1.2 U.S. Military Bases in the United States
3.4 DOD and Energy: Background
3.5 DOD Total Spending and Energy Consumption
3.5.1 DOD Spending Trends
3.5.1.1 Energy Consumption and Generation
3.5.2 U.S. and DOD Energy Consumption Patterns
3.5.3 U.S. Military Energy Consumption, Costs, CO2 Emissions
3.5.4 DOD Facility Energy Consumption
3.5.5 DOD Fuel Consumption
3.6 DOD Current Renewable Energy Priorities and Strategy
3.7 Energy as a Key Component of the DOD Acquisition Process

4. Major Renewable Energy Markets

4.1 Total Military/Defense Energy Market

4.2 Major RE Markets by RE Sector

4.2.1 Solar Energy
4.2.1.1 Large-Scale Solar Facilities on DOD Property
4.2.1.2 Market Size
4.2.1.3 Cost
4.2.1.3.1. Historic and Current Cost Trends of Solar PV on DOD Property
4.2.1.4 Space-Based Solar Power
4.2.1.5 Small-Scale Building Integrated Solar Photovoltaic (BIPV), Solar Thermal, and Solar Hot Water
4.2.1.6 Case Study: Ft. Drum, New York ? Integration of Solar Thermal, Solar Air Heated, and Geothermal System
4.2.1.7 Case Studies: Recent DOD Contracts in Small-Scale Solar PV, Solar BIPV, and Power Purchase Agreements
4.2.1.7.1. Atlantic Contingency Constructors
4.2.1.7.2. SunEdison et al
4.2.1.7.3. Borrego Solar Systems
4.2.1.8 Flexible Solar Technologies
4.2.2 Wind Energy
4.2.2.1 Wind Energy Trends in DOD Markets
4.2.2.2 Cost
4.2.2.2.1. Cost per Kilowatt-Hour
4.2.2.2.2. Equipment Costs
4.2.2.3 Market Size
4.2.2.4 Wind Turbine Conflicts with Military Radar
4.2.3 Biomass Energy
4.2.4 Geothermal Energy
4.2.4.1 Case Study: China Lake Naval Air Weapons Station
4.2.4.1.1. China Lake: Key Industry Partners
4.2.4.2 Hydrocarbon Production Wells
4.2.4.3 Ground Source Geothermal Heat Pumps (GSHPs)
4.2.5 Waste to Energy
4.2.5.1 Leading Companies Currently Working with DOD on Waste to Energy (WTE)
4.2.5.2 Mobile Waste to Energy
4.2.6 Military Microgrids
4.2.6.1 DOD Microgrid Initiatives
4.2.6.1.1. Overview
4.2.6.1.2. Military Energy Surety Microgrid System
4.2.6.2 Case Study: Twentynine Palms Marine Base
4.2.6.2.1. Summary
4.2.7 Hydrokinetic, Tidal, and Wave Energy
4.2.8 Fuel Cells
4.2.9 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
4.2.10 Hydropower
4.2.11 Smart Metering

4.3 Current RE Projects on DOD Facilities and Installations
4.4 Enhanced Use Lease (EUL)
4.5 Power Purchase Agreements/Federal Acquisition Regulation

4.6 Net-Zero Plus Facilities

4.6.1.1 Case Study: Ft. Bliss, Texas ? Net-Zero Plus
4.6.1.2 Net-Zero Goals
4.6.1.3 Net-Zero Applications to Tactical Operations

4.7 Energy Conservation

4.7.1 DOD and DOE Federal Energy Management Program Interaction
4.7.2 Defense Energy Conservation Investment Program
4.7.3 Energy Savings Performance Contracts
4.7.4 Utility Savings Contracts
4.7.5 Energy Conservation for Tactical Operations
4.7.6 Total DOD Energy Conservation Market

5. Forward Operating Bases and Temporary Facilities 

5.1 Background
5.2 Mobile Power Generation
5.2.1 Project Manager Mobile Electric Power (PM-MEP)
5.2.2 Relative Fuel Consumption in Peacetime versus Wartime Scenarios
5.2.2.1 Mobile Power Market Size
5.2.2.2 Value Proposition
5.2.2.3 Key Industry Players
5.2.3 Current Opportunities for Acquisitions through the PM-MEP
5.2.4 Efficient Use of JP-8
5.2.5 Experimental Forward Operating Base Initiative (ExFOB)
5.2.5.1 Current Priority ExFOB Technologies
5.2.6 Mobile Flexible Solar Power
5.2.7 Current DARPA Flexible Solar Projects
5.3 Hybrid Intelligent Power (HI-Power)
5.3.1 Leading Industry Players
5.4 GREENS Project
5.5 MicroGREEN Mobile Power Initiative
5.6 Microgrid Applications for Tactical Operations
5.6.1 Leading Industry Players

6. Transportation and Mobility 

6.1 Background

6.1.1 Total Fuel by Type
6.1.2 DOD Fuel and Energy Consumption by Application: Peacetime versus Contingency Operations

6.2 Fully Burdened Cost of Fuel (FBCF)

6.3 Current U.S. Government Biofuels Initiatives with Impact on DOD

6.3.1 Defense Energy Support Center (DESC)
6.3.1.1 DESC Support of Alternative Fuels
6.3.2 DARPA-Sponsored Research on Biofuels for the Military
6.3.2.1 The DARPA Phase O BioFuels Program
6.3.2.2 DARPA Phase I and II Biofuels Program (BioFuels: Alternative Feedstocks Program)

6.4 Aircraft

6.4.1 Synthetic Fuel (Synfuels)
6.4.1.1 Select Synfuels Industry Leaders
6.4.1.2 Alternative Use of JP-8

6.5 Land Vehicles

6.5.1 Tactical Vehicles, Trucks, and Tanks
6.5.2 Joint Light Tactical Vehicles (JLTV)
6.5.3 Non-Tactical Vehicles

6.6 Marine Vessels

6.6.1 Fuel Cells for Naval Vessels
6.6.2 Fuel Cells for Underwater Vessels and Vehicles
6.6.3 Microbial Fuel Cells
6.6.4 Stationary Fuel Cells for Naval Bases

6.7 Leading Industry Players: Biofuels from Algae Efforts in the Private Sector with DOD Implications

6.7.1 BP/Martek Biosciences
6.7.2 General Atomics
6.7.3 Chevron Technology Ventures /Solazyme
6.7.4 Honeywell UOP
6.7.5 Algae Systems/NASA
6.7.6 LS9, Inc.
6.7.7 Algenol Biofuels/Valero
6.7.8 Synthetic Genomics Inc./Exxon Mobile
6.7.9 Sapphire Energy
6.7.10 Science Applications International
6.7.11 A2BE Carbon Capture

6.8 Other Industry Players with Potential Impact on DOD Fuel Markets

6.8.1 Solix
6.8.2 PetroAlgae
6.8.3 Aurora Algae (Aurora Biofuels)
6.8.4 LiveFuels
6.8.5 Heliae Development
6.8.6 Kai BioEnergy
6.8.7 LakeMaster
6.8.8 Dynamic Fuels
6.8.9 Rentech
6.8.10 Sustainable Oils
6.8.11 ClearFuels Technology
6.8.12 HR BioPetroleum
6.8.13 AltAir Fuels
6.8.14 EADS
6.8.15 Bye Energy

6.9 Summary

7. Soldier Power 

7.1 Background

7.2 Fuel Cells for Portable Power Applications

7.2.1 Basic Fuel Cell Technologies and Current Military Applications
7.2.1.1 Army Fuel Cell Program
7.2.1.2 Navy Fuel Cell Program
7.2.2 Portable Applications: Military Fuel Cell Technology for DOD Warfighters (Selected Markets)
7.2.3 Unattended Ground Sensors ? Sub-50W
7.2.3.1 Addressable Market
7.2.3.2 Projected Power Requirements
7.2.3.3 Cost
7.2.3.4 Key Market Players
7.2.3.5 Summary
7.2.3.6 Market Size
7.2.3.7 Projected Power Requirements
7.2.3.8 Cost
7.2.3.9 Value Proposition
7.2.4 Mobile Power ? Sub-250W
7.2.4.1 Market Size
7.2.4.2 Projected Power Requirements
7.2.4.3 Cost
7.2.4.4 Value Proposition
7.2.5 Fully Burdened Costs of Soldier Power
7.2.6 Mobile Radio Market ? Tactical Satellite Radio
7.2.6.1 Market Size
7.2.6.2 Projected Power Requirements
7.2.6.3 Cost
7.2.6.4 Value Proposition
7.2.7 Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) ? Sub-2 kW
7.2.7.1 Market Size
7.2.7.2 Projected Power Requirements
7.2.7.3 Cost
7.2.7.4 Value Proposition

7.3 Planned DOD Upcoming Business Opportunities Related to Soldier Power

8. Markets and Initiatives by Major Military Branches

8.1 RE Focus by Military Branch

8.2 Army

8.2.1 Directives
8.2.2 Current Renewable Programs
8.2.3 U.S. Army Renewable Energy Targets

8.3 Air Force

8.3.1 Directives
8.3.2 Current Renewable Programs
8.3.3 Air Force RE Targets

8.4 Navy/Marines

8.4.1 Directives
8.4.2 Current Renewable Programs
8.4.3 Navy/Marine Renewable Energy Targets
8.4.4 Case Study: Office of Naval Research Energy Challenge Program

9. Key Industry Players 

9.1 Select Major Defense Contractors

9.1.1 Lockheed Martin Corp.
9.1.1.1 Solar Energy
9.1.1.2 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
9.1.1.3 Wave Energy
9.1.1.4 Synthetic Fuels
9.1.1.5 Smart Grid
9.1.2 Boeing Co.
9.1.2.1 Biofuels
9.1.2.2 Solar Cell Technology
9.1.3 Northrop Grumman Corp.
9.1.3.1 Hybrid-Electric Propulsion
9.1.4 Science Applications International Corp.
9.1.4.1 Algae to Biofuels, Alternative Fuels
9.1.4.2 Solar Technologies
9.1.4.3 Marine Energy and Wind Technologies
9.1.5 General Dynamics Corp.
9.1.5.1 Fuel Cell Technology
9.1.5.2 Hybrid-Electric Technology
9.1.6 Raytheon Co.
9.1.6.1 Carbon Recycling Technology ? Closed Bed Photo Bioreactors
9.1.6.2 Carbon Sequestration
9.1.6.3 Cyber Security and Software Modeling
9.1.7 Booz Allen Hamilton
9.1.7.1 Alternative Energy and Energy Efficiency Solutions
9.1.7.2 Renewable Energy Projects on DOD Property
9.1.8 L-3 Communications
9.1.8.1 Hybrid Fuel Cell Systems
9.1.9 KBR Inc.
9.1.9.1 Biomass/Biofuels/Waste to Energy
9.1.10 ITT Corp.
9.1.10.1 Geothermal Energy Products
9.1.11 Hewlett-Packard Company
9.1.11.1 Lightweight Flexible Solar Technologies
9.1.12 General Electric
9.1.12.1 Microgrid Technology Development
9.1.12.2 Solar
9.1.12.3 Wind
9.1.13 Harris Corporation
9.1.14 BAE Systems, Inc.
9.1.14.1 Marine Energy Conversion
9.1.14.2 Hybrid-Electric and Fuel Cell Propulsion Systems

9.2 Other Select Military/Defense Contractors with a Strong Focus on Renewable Energy

9.2.1 General Atomics
9.2.1.1 Renewable Energy Power Conversion
9.2.1.2 Space Power Conversion
9.2.1.3 Biofuels from Algae
9.2.2 Honeywell International
9.2.3 Oshkosh Defense
9.2.3.1 ProPulse Hybrid-Electric Drive
9.2.3.2 Renewable Energy Mission Module (REMM)
9.2.4 Protonex Technology Corporation
9.2.5 Rolls-Royce plc
9.2.5.1 Fuel Cells
9.2.5.2 Power Management and Distribution Systems (Microgrids)
9.2.5.3 Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Systems
9.2.6 SkyBuilt Power
9.2.7 Natural Power Concepts (NPC)
9.2.8 Energy Conversion Devices ? ECD Ovonics
9.2.9 DuPont/SFC Energy AG
9.2.10 Bechtel Corporation
9.2.11 Clark Energy Group
9.2.12 ACCIONA Solar Power, Inc.
9.2.13 SRA International

10. Market Forecasts 

10.1 Total World Renewable Energy Market Forecast
10.2 Total Global Oil Production Forecast
10.3 National Security Directives
10.4 Purchase, Production, and Procurement of Renewable Energy Sourced Alternative Fuels and Electricity for Facilities and Infrastructure: 2010-2030
10.5 Reduction in Energy Consumption
10.6 Electricity Production and Procurement of Electricity for Facilities and Infrastructure by Market Sector
10.7 Facilities and Installations Market by Application
10.8 Metering of DOD Buildings and Facilities
10.9 Forward Bases and Temporary Facilities
10.10 Soldier Power Fuel Cell Technologies
10.11 Alternative Fuels
10.11.1 U.S. Biofuels Production from Algae Feedstocks
10.12 World Market Forecasts Excluding the United States
10.12.1 European Union
10.12.2 China
10.12.3 Global Military Spending Outside the United States, the EU, and China

11. Company Directory
12. Acronym and Abbreviation List
13. Table of Contents
14. Table of Charts and Figures
15. Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• Total DOD Renewable Energy Spending: 2005-2030
• Renewable Fuel Standard Mandate, United States: 2009-2022
• Snapshot of Cost per Gallon Algae versus Transportation Fuels
• Total DOD Direct Annual Market for All Renewable Energy Purchases, Production, and Procurement for Mobility and Facilities: 2005-2030
• Total DOD Direct Annual Market for All RE Purchases, Production, and Procurement for Mobility and Facilities: 2005-2030
• Total DOD Annual Market Electricity Production and Procurement for Renewable Energy for Facilities and Installations by Market Sector: 2010-2030
• Total DOD Direct Annual Expenditures by Market Application – Facilities and Installations: 2010-2030
• Total DOD Direct Annual Expenditures by Market Application, Emphasizing Metering of Facilities and Installations: 2005-1012
• Total DOD Market for Annual Direct Costs and Acquisition of RE Devices for Mobile Power for FOBs and Temporary Facilities: 2010-2030
• Total DOD Direct Expenditures for Fuel Cells for Soldier Power-Related Technologies: 2010-2030
• Price Parity Experience Curve for Algae-Based Biofuels, United States: 2009-2020
• Algae Biofuels Production, North America: 2010-2020
• Total Direct Annual Expenditures for Combined 27 Member States of the EU
• Countries for Total Energy and RE in Military and Defense Applications: 2010-2030
• Total Direct Annual Expenditures for Renewable Energy in Military and Defense Applications, China: 2010-2030
• Total Direct Annual Expenditures Outside the U.S., EU, and China for RE in Military and Defense Applications: 2010-2030
• The 14 MW Solar Array at Nellis Air Force Base
• The First U.S. Navy “Green Ship” – The USS Makin Island
• The U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy Complete Biofuel-Powered Test Flights: 2010
• U.S. Federal Spending and Proportional DOD Expenditures
• Upper Estimates for Combined Spending for All “Defense-Related” Activities
• Comparison of U.S. Energy Consumption to DOD Energy Consumption by Type
• Office of the Secretary of Defense Energy Policy
• Summary Graphic of U.S. Energy Security Risk
• U.S. Renewable Portfolio Standards by State
• Projected Impacts of U.S. Climate Change Legislation on GDP to FY 2030
• Upper Estimates for Combined Spending for All “Defense-Related” Activities
• U.S. Military Energy Consumption by Type: 2009
• Comparison of U.S. Energy Consumption to DOD Energy Consumption by Type
• U.S. Military Energy Consumption, Costs, and CO2 Emissions: 2009
• DOD Proportion of Total U.S. Government Fuel Consumption
• Comparison of Commercial RE Market Trends to Current DOD RE Initiatives
• Optimum U.S. Solar Energy Development Potential in Relation to DOD Facilities and Properties
• Optimum U.S. Wind Energy Development Potential in Relation to DOD Facilities and Properties
• Optimum U.S. Biomass Energy Development Potential in Relation to DOD Facilities and Properties
• Distribution of Primary Military Geothermal Resources and Potential Geothermal Projects
• Optimum U.S. Geothermal Energy Development Potential in Relation to DOD Facilities and Properties
• Current and Proposed DOD Microgrid Projects
• Current Level and Proportional Army Investment in Research of Essential Microgrid Components
• Current Smart Metering Initiatives of DOD Facilities and Buildings
• Major Alternative and Renewable Energy Initiatives in DOD Mobile Power
• Key Areas of Interest and Major Initiatives for the Power Technology and Alternative Energy Branch of the Army, Under RDECOM and CERDEC DOD Fuel Consumption by Type (0% indicates less than 1%)
• DOD Energy Consumption by Application, Peacetime versus Contingency Operations
• Battery-Powered Soldier Equipment; Lockheed Martin’s HULC Exoskeleton
• General Categories of Soldier Power Energy Requirements and Examples of Current Renewable Energy Programs and Initiatives
• U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Army Fuel and Energy Utilization
• Power Generation Forecasts by Policy Scenario, World Markets: 2005-2030
• Costs of Energy in Cents per kWh, System Price Range and Market Penetration: 1990-2020
• Forecast of Global Oil Production to 2030; OPEC to Non-OPEC Production Ratios
• Projected Defense Spending for the People’s Republic of China: 2003-2025
• Global Distribution of Military Expenditures: 2009

List of Tables